Internet Advertising: Comparison of Nigeria and Hungary

cyberspace Advertising Comparison of Nigeria and HungaryAbstractDespite the fittingal difference in the midst of Nigeria and Hungary, the net income develops a wholeiance that atomic number 50 be exploited. net profit practicers of both countries be dominated by y step to the forehs, and thus argon the close inletible to ne twainrk ads. meshing advertize also termed online advertising or meshwork tacking or web advertising is simply the making avail adequate to(p) of advertising messages and commercialiseing converse by federal agency of the earnings via the web. network advertising which was introduced several years after traditional advertising (banners) in the 1990s right a counsel off suppresses all other advertising medias and consequently constitutes a remark fit channel for the legal age of firms. These firms range from petite to big sizes, national and multinational, service providing to manu occurrenceuring enterprises (Restaurants to ship m anufacturing agencies). Internet advertising direct dish outs a position in the context of food merchandiseing communication strategy be after and implementation.It is vital for organizations hit the booksing mesh marketing strategy to efficaciously associate from each one component reason being that, with the global market place, it is important for entrepreneurs and marketers to be censorious of what is or so beneficial and meets their postulate to the meshing marketing strategy intend for use. Byusing the standard advertising program process as a base,it is simple to outline the characteristics of the Internet which abusiness must take into consideration when planning a Web advertisingcampaign (Kotler, 1997).Without trying to dispute earlier findings in this thesis, the work presented attempts in it own itinerary to high schoollight around comparative ideas of net advertising betwixt Nigeria and Hungary thus stating the aims of this paper based on meshwork u sers social context on the depressioniveness of internet advertizement. By using primary square from books and other sources, the idea of internet advert is identified. And by considering other everydayation, whatsoever conclusions are generated for the better dread of this division.By examining the tallnessic of this thesis, its extensive temper is revealed. Three fields of cultivation are mentioned and are dealt with wherefore -Marketing, variation engineering science, and advertisement (internet advertising). As broad as each of these could be, the presentation is quite short and straight to the most essential. The study depicts the differences in the attitude of internet users to ads. The epitome obtained from input sources reveal a significant relationship between the type of activities of users through which they come into contact with internet ads in each of the deuce countries (Nigeria and Hungary).1 Introduction1.1 Background of StudyThe growth in Internet A dvertising has paved its sort and embedtles comfortably in the global cosmos of business everywheredue to internet innovations. Further to a greater extent than its effects, feign and usefulness can be observed social aspect of human activities thereby creating greater opportunities for a more(prenominal) developed and diversified recreation. The Internet or World Wide Web has speedily bugger off the most effective personal manner for businesses to advertise their growths or services to expected consumers. Some Web sites much(prenominal)(prenominal) sell advertisement space for sponsoring and by so doing they profit highly from the increase of advertising on the Internet. The number of mint with internet access and internet services is growing always at a geometric rate and with internet advertisement potential nodes can view these advertisements thereby contri mollifying to the upper limit take aim of business profits.Recent studies on internet advertising instr uction more on empirical works as hearty as theoretical structures there by investigating the role of some cypher ins in the success of internet advertising, none the little it is necessary to present some significant measures assiduous in this thesis to quantify advertising effectiveness.According to Pavlou and Steward (2000), advertisement has a direct effect to consumers and and thus considered as an independent variable while consumer response is the dependent variable. They further explain the nature of the highly interactive environments taking into account other factors such(prenominal) as online context in which advertisement takes place in order to render this study more in pileful. Incorporated here are numerous aspects of internet advertisement context as types of internet activities and users social context in the study of responses to internet advertisement.Internet advertising is rapidly growing and advertisements contribute become more apparent in our Interne t utilization. When advertising on the Internet, both the businesses and the web sites (search engines) profits. Businesses profit from the use of internet advertising by minimizing appeal compared to standard advertising which is a lot more expensive. Internet advertising raises awareness, conveys advertisers messages and enhances carry perceptions and with greater advertisement exposure inflicts even greater relate.Responds to this advertisement differs considerably by diametric one-on-one in diametric Geographical locations and cultural background.An AdHoc study conducted by Gemius in cooperation with Sanoma Budapest proves that most Internet users in Hungary drive a positive attitude towards online advertising. More all over it essays what their behavior is like in response to online advertising and the sensed image of the advertised companies. The replyents were also evaluating different formats of advertisements in the survey, indicating the ones that they know sc oop out and the favorite ones. The research was conducted on the Internet in the form of a pop-up survey (random sampling) on May 2006. 67% of the respondents declared that they subscribe online advertisements as the price for free access to web sites. (International Operations Department, Press release June 30, 2006)Internet usage in Nigeria is an important issue with the average student using 10.5 hours per week and the contribute people averaging 3.5 hours per week. Internet usage in Nigeria has consistently grown to 11million internet users as of June 2009 according to the International Communication colligation (ITU) report.Various types of broadband bring the internet to our door steps such as Asymmetric digital reviewer Line (ASDL), Asymmetric digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), argument broadband, wire little, satellite, Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) etc With the admittance of the internet, came an easier method of communication, transmission of culture to the public and h ence the rise of the internet advertisement.Advertising on the Internet can be viewed as a social contract between advertisers and Internet users. Every appraiseive(prenominal) comes across advertising through multiple channels either outdoor through fliers, bill boards etc or indoor through the internet, A reason why todays market is highly dominated by advertising. found on the fact that we bed in a globalized world, advertising is recognized in every prevalent landwealth in its own structure with respect to its culture, consumer demand or requirements.1.2 Aims and objectivesThis thesis outlines and compares how internet users in Nigeria and Hungary respond to internet advertisements with focus on the technical aspects, social networking and simple basic adverts in websites. In appendage I am trenchant for various answers and perceptions of what people from these different countries think about these adverts and the effect it has on them in a cultural perspective conside ring the fact that both cultures are not only socially different but economical and educational as well.In the offset part of this study, I am researching how technical aspects, such as social networking and website adverts in Nigeria and Hungary. It is followed by an evaluation of how Nigerians and Hungarians respond to internet in the second part. The third part focuses on a research for the changes the internet brings in Nigeria and Hungary for example is the internet improving industries such as the banking sector or being an important educational tool for students? Is it the core of attention for businesses? Finally, the twenty-five percent part is the conclusion drawn based on the findings of the aforementioned research.2 literature reviewUnder the literature review, I for depict be considering a thorough review of the already existing literature on the subject of internet advertising which is highly important for the continual intelligence of the shares in this thesis. Picking the pieces and fitting them together I provide get along a concrete piece on the above mentioned topic starting with defining the parts that make up our topic, considering the social and technical aspect of the internet, advertising and last but not the least marketing.2.1 The internetThe birth of the internet did not come as a surprise, may be to the common man in the streets but definitely not for the scientist who had been expecting something modern, fresh, cheap and friendlier. It emerged in the early 1960s as a way for the US department of defense to create a secure means of communication in case of uncertainties. It evolved from Advance look Agency (ARPA) in 1969 to ARPANET for the civilian sector and MILNET (military network) (Jeffrey F. Rayport et al. 2001).In the 1980s ARPANET was renamed National science Foundation communicate (NSFNET). The progress of this development proceeded in 1989 with the creation of a more efficient way of sharing breeding by defin ing the Hypermedia Protocol (HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol) which is the standard addressing format URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and the programming language HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) which has become the basis of World Wide Web (WWW) which is universal and the most use part of the internet to access multimedia e.g. text documents, graphics, videos etc (Jeffrey F. Rayport et al. 2001). In 1993, a team led by Marc Anderson developed a new piece of software called Mosaic as the first internet web browser after which other browsers were introduced, like internet explorer by Microsoft which became the most prominent (Jeffrey F. Rayport et al. 2001). afterward these developments, todays internet has not only brought technology but also affects the way things are do world wide. It is continuously changing to the extent that it has interpreted almost all diversification and stems all changes in world business, revolutionarising the way business is done, the concepts between business and consumers.2.2 Overview of the general background of advertisingAdvertising is a collective term for public announcements practiceed to promote the sale of specific harvest-tides or services. It is a form of clutch selling, employed when the use of direct, person-to-person selling is im functional, impossible, or simply inefficient. Advertising techniques range in complexity from the issue of simple notices in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to integrated marketing communications, involving the concerted use of advertising in newspapers, magazines, television, and radio, and on the internet which is our main focus.Advertising dates back to the Christian era. Advertisements transited from the outdoor signs as paintings on wall of buildings that were very sight captivating to comp both trade marks which were two or troika propertyal picture or signs in the 16th centuries. Around the 1880s, there came Mail orders and pamphlets and in late19th century , many American firms began to market case goods under brandnames. Previously consumers had not been aware of or square upd by brand names.The first product that had brand name was soap products. In the 1880s a fewbrands came out and they were Ivory, Pears, Sapolio, Colgate, Kirks AmericanFamily and Packers. non long after brands such as Royal baking powder, Quakeroats, Bakers chocolate, Hires root beer, regal shoes, etc were nationally advertised.2.2.1 Stages of advertisementThe major goal of advertising is to generate awareness of a business and its products. Once the business reputation is established and its products are positioned deep down the market, the amount of resources used for advertising will decrease as the consumer develops a kind of consignment to the product. Targeting the audience, product concept, communication media, and advertising message are the core elements of an advertising strategy, and are often referred to as the fictive mix. Again, what most adve rtisers stress from the beginning is clear planning and flexibility. And signalize to these aims is creativity, and the ability to adapt to new market trends.Target consumer is a complex combination of persons. It includes the person who ultimately buys the product, as well as those who make up what product will be bought (but dont physically buy it), and those who influence product purchases, such as children, spouse, and friends. In order to identify the mug consumer, the following should be considered Demographics(Age, sex, job, income, ethnicity, and hobbies.), Behaviors (awareness of the business and its competition, the type of vendors and services the consumer uses, and the types of appeals that are probably to convince the consumer to give the advertisers product or service a chance.), Needs and Desires (determine consumer needs in practical and self-image terms.)The product concept grows out of the guidelines established in the positioning statement. How the product i s positioned at bottom the market will dictate the kind of set the product invents, and thus how the target consumer will receive that product. Therefore, it is important to regard as that no product is just itself, but, as Courtland L. Bovee and William F. Arens utter in Contemporary Advertising, a bundle of set that the consumer needs to be able to identify with. Whether couched in presentations that emphasize sex, humor, romance, science, masculinity, or femininity, the consumer must be able to believe in the products representation.The communication media is the means by which the advertising message is transmitted to the consumer. In gain to marketing objectives and budgetary restraints, the characteristics of the target consumer need to be considered as an advertiser decides what media to use. Advertisers can choose from the following media categories such as Print, Video, World Wide Web, Direct mail, outdoor advertising-Billboards, advertisements on public transportati on (cabs, buses).After deciding on the medium that is 1) financially in reach and 2) most likely to reach the target audience, an advertiser needs to schedule the broadcasting of that advertising. The media schedule, as defined by Hills, is the combination of specific quantify (for example, by day, week, and month) when advertisements are inserted into media vehicles and delivered to target audiences.An advertising message is guided by the advertising or simulate platform, which is a combination of the marketing objectives, copy, art, and production values. This combination is best realized after the target consumer has been analyzed, the product concept has been established, and the media and vehicles have been chosen. At this point, the advertising message can be directed at a very concrete audience to achieve very specific goals. Hiam and Schewe listed three major areas that an advertiser should consider when endeavoring to develop an effective advertising platform the unique f eatures of the products, how consumers will evaluate the product, rank of competitors in the look of the consumer, their weaknesses in their positions and their strengths.Copy When composing advertising copy, it is crucial to re atom that the primary aim is to communicate information about the business and its products and services. Many companies utilize a theme or a slogan as the center piece of such efforts, emphasizing major attributes of the businesss products or services in the process. But as Hiam and Schewe caution, while something must be used to animate the theme care must be taken not to lose the underlying message in the pursuit of unforgettable advertising.Art work and layout splendid business owners also need to consider the visual rhetoric of the advertisement, which simply means that the entire advertisement, including hollow space, should have meaning and logic. Most industry experts recommend that advertisers use short paragraphs, lists, and catchy illustration s and graphics to sound up and supplement the text and make the document both visually inviting and effortless to escort. Remember, an advertisement has to arrest the readers attention quickly.2.2.2 Internet advertisingInternet advertising is a message delivered to people by placing adverts on Search engines, Social networking websites such as Facebook, e-mails, pop ups etc. These adverts can be seen by the social unit world and are not limited to a geographical region. In this same respect, adverts are meant for the mass and there are many users of internet worldwide so the message gets spread widely and quickly thereby reaching people of different cultures and beliefs. Some of the people mogul be un raise because the signs or symbols used violate their cultures. E-mails are also sent to people who are either not interested or are not located geographically in areas accessible to the products.2.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of internet adsThe most common item that determin es advantages of a product or service lies in its cost. Internet advertising packages could be visible(prenominal) at very low costs (10 dollars per monthly subscription). Trouble free relativity could also be a great advantage internet advertisement has over other media ads, to the user and the fuck offr, all which is involve is first of all a PC then internet service, through which you can either design a site or survey advert sites. It is could also be noticed that with internet advertisement, when advertisers get to know the age group, taste, and sex of consumers who most frequently survey their ads, site owners could easily and quickly modify their pages to current consumer needs compared to other media ads which could do so only issueically. Market presentation is also easy with internet ad, product or service is designed for the younger generation or the corporate world are easily viewed by this class of persons as they make the greater proportion of internet users and t he great proportion of consumers.Though a multiple advantages make internet advertisement favorable, some disadvantages could pipe down be noticed. Internet advertisement is made better with professional help and these additional costs make some ads more expensive than others. It is disadvantageous to use only the internet as advertising medium because there are a hand full of persons who can not gain access to this new technology or they just dont have the trust in these internet ads.2.3 Broad band affiliateions in Hungary and Nigeriawideband connection is a new concept used, in place of tele bring forward dial up connections. Broadband internet connection is faster and offers a host of advantages in them. The speed is usually faster than a dial up connection, which facilitates many operations at a time in for example watching many online live shows and movie downloads etc.There are various types of broadband offered nowadays. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ASDL), Asymmetri c Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), cable, wireless, satellite, Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) etc are some common types.Hungarys internet providers provide their services using a number of broadband which include DSL, Cable broadband, ADSL2+ and radio receiver broadband. The broad band is distributed through multiple distribution channels namely UPC, T-Kabel, Fibernet and DIGI.Hungarys broadband market experiences unanimous growth, Cable broadband is widely available due to the network penetration of the countrys cable operators. The broadband market as a whole experiences a significant growth as the regulators have reduced access tariffs and have introduced a wholesale dust based on retail tariffs to ensure suitable margin for alternative operators. Digital cable services have been launched by a handful of the smaller cable operators and the countrys Direct To Home (DTH) market is showing fresh signs of life. The Internet access sector in Hungary constitutes the total revenues genera ted by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from the provision of narrowband and broadband Internet connections through both consumer and corporate channels. similar to Hungary, Nigeria uses ADSL, cable and wireless broadband services which are rapidly replacing the formal dial up access method. Market penetration is still low leaving room for necessary growth.Nigerians connect to the internet in many ways through genuinely Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) cerebrate, Wireless microwave links internet access and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) access. Many of these sessions are through internet cafes as very few Nigerians have their own personal computers.Mobile operators are strongly gaining growth by providing Nigerians to access the internet through mobile devices. Such service providers are MTN, Celtel, and Glo Mobile providing internet, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS and HSDPA all across the nation.2.4 Technical aspects of internet usage in Nigeria and HungaryInternet usage is regarded with direct reflection of the total countrys population. This would be termed the percentage rate of penetration which relates to the number of internet users per square feet of the population.Public cyber cafe of various shades and sizes are the most common method of access individuals have to the internet. In addition to that, there are internet service providers delivering direct access to individuals and businesses on a variety of platforms.There is widespread availableness in urban centres, and fairly good availability in smaller towns most recently, mobile phone lines such as MTN, Celtel, and Glo Mobile provide internet, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS and HSDPA all across the nation, it is almost amazing to find internet access in some of the most remote locations in the country.According to an issue in trade invest Nigeria onBroadband in Nigeria The revolution is coming by Jaco Maritzs posted on Sunday, environ 16th 2008, Nigerians connect to the internet in many ways but 53% of connections are made through Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) links. Wireless microwave links account for 19% of internet access and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) access are estimated to be only 14%. Many of these sessions are through internet cafes as very few Nigerians have their own personal computers. National Bureau of Statistics figures show that in 2006 less than 10% of internet users had access from the workplace and less than 4% from the home. alone 1.3% of the population own personal computers.Nigerian internet users are aged between 11 and 40 with a greater part of this population being students, business persons, and to a lower extent, the public functions giving a 7.4 % total internet population penetration. (See adjunct Diagram N2)In Hungary, other than the traditional activities of the internet (emailing, browsing, reading journals online), a greater extent of Internet users use it for the leisure function of the web, job search and application, internet purchases, watching or liste ning to news, entertainment purposes as well. Users in Hungary vary between the ages of 10 and 69 summing a total of 34.9% internet rate of penetration. 55% of these users use the online voice transmission in communication and chatting, at least 33 percent have tried to watch television via the internet. The number of people using internet at home increases considerably, from 23% in 2007 to 28% in 2008 and 41% in 2009. Having access to the internet does not necessarily imply using it as of the 46% of home owners 10 % of them do not use it at all. (See appendix Diagram H3)2.5 Marketing in Hungary and NigeriaAdvertising is in respect to marketing, that is people advertise to make known their products and hence gain marketing ground because a vivid understanding of marketing is necessary.Customer satisfaction, as a construct, has been fundamental to marketing for over three decades and every advertisement tries to comply with this logic. As far back as 1960s, satisfying the needs and desires of the consumer stands as the definition of marketing Keith 1960. Interest in customer satisfaction increased through out the years till date.Several studies have shown that it costs about five times to gain a new customer as it does to keep an existing customer and these results into more interest in customer relationships (Naumann, 1995). Companies now have big investment in database marketing, relationship management and customer planning to run short closer to their customers Hill and Alexander (2000).These definitions demonstrate that increasing customer satisfaction affects companies directly, increases their market shares which lead to improve profits, positive recommendation, lower marketing expenditures and greatly impacts company corporate image and hence enhances their survival.The relevance of these definitions to this study indicates that customers access the internet services based on experience of use and rating is done in accordance with the internet servic es attributes. In this study, customer satisfaction in the Nigerian and Hungarian markets will be evaluated based on customers usage and their reaction to internet advertisements, experience of network gauge, billing, validity period and customer care support.By Marketing Penetration we imply where a company expands market share in an existing market byusing existing products which could be done in 4 main ways.1. convey existing customers to buy more of the same product, thiscan be done buy promotions such as 3 for 2. This make the customerfeel as if they are getting more for their money, and hopefullycould period of time them from switching to alternative brands.2. Attracting new customers to products. This can be done buyimproving the image of the product, new packaging, reducing price,or buy giving a % extra free.3. hunt down customers from competitors. demoralize reducing price, givingfreebies, and a % extra free with the product. Doing this couldincrease your market share and reduce your competitors.4. Withdrawing other products. Buy withdrawing less profitableproducts, similar products can become more profitable, and sellmore.Marketing through internet advertising targets all already existing consumers and expected consumers both to cultivate lasting customer relationships. The internet provides a new and cheap channel for marketing through advertising. Once in the internet any customer is able to see an advert posted and many are willing to place orders via the internet by direct emails directly to the web host. According to Armstrong et al (2005), the internet is an excellent channel for communication with customers on individual basis because of its immediate and direct fundamental interaction capability.From companys point of view, a companycan enter the cyber marketing world without theintervention of any intermediaries simply by buying into the technology itself and by turning the medium into amarketing research as well as an advertising medi um, interactive media also operates in territories not covered by a vendorssales force, therefore reaching the showroom and the sales pitch to the buyersremote locations simply by dropping it in the post.It can be agreed that internet marketing improves brand image of a company or products or both, hence it is a revenue earner, dependableness of the country is very important for the success of internet marketing. Companies necessarily focus their internet marketing based on the gender difference and so make more money though Consumers remain uncertain. Internet marketing can be used successfully whether it is industrial products or consumer products. It is undisputable that online support is an important factor to make internet marketing a success. Companies and consumers agree that more user friendly, better key word matches would drive the future search engine marketing.2.6 Pricing factor in internet advertisingPrising in internet advertisement is a subject which can not be unde r minded as it involves the reason for advertising (both the advertiser and the consumer) each product or service advertised carries a different parameters depending on the desires of the individual consumer who finally decides on his/her appreciations. After this ascertain factor of attribute parameter of product, the price becomes a relevant factor. Price is a parameter of buyers finding that can not be overlooked, further more, when a characteristic is considered more important than price in making a purchase decision, then its value is considered to be a requirement for purchase, but if the intended characteristic is considered less important than price, then acceptable range can be seen as preference rather than requirement (Joan Morris and Paul P. Maglio, 2001)Therefore, price is a general determinant for especially price unsanded consumers.Internet advertisers have different pricing techniques to attract new buyers and at the same time produce already existing consumers which is based on consumer characteristic and the dynamically nature of demand and supply. Some of such frequently used pricing techniques areDynamic pricingAs the term indicates, it is the dynamic adjustment of prices to consumers depending on the value attributed to product or service by these same consumers. By making aliment for affordable prices for certain products, this arranging instigates optimal results for consumers and hence enhances maximum sales to those selling. With internet marketing, there exists an intelligible shift from fixed pricing to dynamic pricing with greater competition existing against the formal and still existing traditional marketing outline.Price differentiationIt is a process whereby the same product of different units is s honest-to-goodness at different prices to different consumers. With price differentiation, prices differ with the number of units s oldish. This could involve group pricing, fire pricing etc. With price differentiation, comp anies decrease the suitability of their products and services by customising their offers to the requirements of specific customers or market segment. This provides the customer with an advantage to purchase the said product or service.Using these pricing techniques enables the consumer to purchase a product by stating his or her own price, considering the suitability of the product in question. The right price in the market can not be easily determined, prices are competitive and this directly influences price tender consumers who have the tendency to fall for the most appreciated prices during their purchases.The best price in internet market does not only consider the price established by the producer or seller but also that requested by the buyer or consumer. Internet marketing offers the opportunity for companies to test prices, segment customers and adjust to change in supply and demand (Efraim Turban et Al. 2006)to consumers these pricing techniques are advantageous in the sense that consumers have the opportunity to find unique items and collectibles, consumers remain unanimous, internet market creates a talk terms atmosphere enabling the consumer to opt for the most affordable price, it is more convenient as consumer is not stimulate to change location to execute a purchase and for the producers, they gain more customers by offering more items directly, it enhances maximum sales which is a fundamental base of every business, it improves customer relationship and customer loyalty to already existing customers.2.7 Factors influencing intern lead zeppelin report and Analysis take zeppelin History and Analysislight-emitting diode Zeppelin was one of the most popular mainstream wave bands from 1968 to 1980. Consisting of Robert kit and caboodle on vocals, prise Page on guitar, joke Paul Jones on deep guitar, and John Bonham on the drums, they are now considered to be one of the superlative argument bands that ever played. Led Zeppelin made many contributions to the symphony world and their bequest is still very alive today.Each individual member of Led Zeppelin made their own contributions to their unison and the advancement of music as a whole. Without any one member Led Zeppelins legacy would be completely different. Robert Plants high vocal style and songwriting abilities were instrumental in Led Zeppelins success. jimmy Pages musical knowledge and innovative guitar playing are widely considered to be some of the greatest of their time. According to AllMusic.com nose Page is Unquestionably one of the incomparable most important, important, and versatile guitarists and songwriters in rock history (Prato, 2011). John Bonhams loud, heavy drumming and percussion skills were essential to the Led Zeppelin hard rock sound. A friend of Bonhams once said that He always wanted to be one of the loudest drummers in the west and was determined not to be drowned out by guitarists (Welch Nicholls, 2001, p. 28). John Paul Jones steady bass rhythms and musical diversity were key elements to the Led Zeppelin sound that are often overlooked.Led Zeppelin was officially formed as a group in the late 1960s. Founder and guitarist Jimmy Page was playing with a group known as The Yardbirds at the time. In 1968, The Yardbirds disbanded and Page began searching for new members for the band. He was soon put into contact with Robert Plant and hired him as the bands new vocalist. Plant knew a drummer and suggested John Bonham, an old band mate, for the job. Bonham was soon hired and all they needed was a bassist. John Paul Jones soon contacted Page and the band was formed as the New Yardbirds. The band soon put down their first record record album together and it was released under their new name Led Zeppelin. In late 1968 Led Zeppelin signed with Atlantic Records and in the last days of December they performed live in the join States for the first time.Led Zeppelins early days were mainly spent touring Europe and r ecording for their first album as Led Zeppelin. Their first record propelled them onto the music scene with a groundbreaking heavy blues-rock fusion. The touring for the first album made Led Zeppelin a household name and landed them in the spot for the next decade. Over the next ten years Led Zeppelin went to new eyeshades with their capacious concerts and innovative records.Led Zeppelins first official album, a self-titled record, was recorded in late 1968 and was subsequently released in the United States in January of 1969. The album produced a number of classic Led Zeppelin staples such as Dazed and Confused, Good Times Bad Times, and Communication Breakdown. Elements from this album such as Jimmy Pages use of a cello bow to play his guitar went on to become icons of Led Zeppelins music. Although the album was initially criticized, the album is now considered to be one of the greatest stepping stones in the further development of hard rock music. subsequently in October 1969 Led Zeppelin released their second album, Led Zeppelin II, and the response was even greater than their first. This album really showcased the bands blues and folk influences on song like Ramble On and Bring it on Home. Robert Plant became noteworthy for his mystical and story-telling songwriting style and we see those elements in Ramble On. One of the biggest legacies to come from this album was the song Whole Lotta Love. Whole Lotta Love is one of their most famous songs and has been covered extensively over the years. Jimmy Pages guitar riffs and solos are some of the most recognizable guitar works of the time.A year later, in October 1970, Led Zeppelin released their third album and unsurprisingly it was named Led Zeppelin III. The album contains more acoustic and mellow songs than its predecessors. In an interview regarding the making of their third album Jimmy Page said Well never stop doing the heavy things, because that comes out naturally when we play. But there is anothe r side to us. The new album is whole different from the others and I see that its obviously a new direction (Retrieved April 3, 2011, www.ledzeppelin.org). The album was mostly done at a place called Bron-Yr-Aur in the U.K. One of the albums songs, Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp, was named after it.Led Zeppelins fourth album was released in November 1971, and although it is often referred to as Led Zeppelin IV, it is also known by many other names. The album itself has no name on it but it has become known as Zoso or the four symbols due to the symbols that the band members chose to represent themselves. The symbols of Robert Plant, John Bonham, and John Paul Jones all have meanings, but the symbol that Jimmy Page used has been a topic of debate since he began using it. Robert Plants symbol, a circle with a feather inside, is said to represent a writer, John Bonhams, three interlocking circles, are said to represent the link between a man, a woman, and their child, and John Paul Jones symbol, a circle over three vesica piscis, is said to be the symbol of a confident and competent individual (Retrieved April 3, 2001, www.inthelight.co.nz). The real conundrum surrounds Jimmy Pages symbol which has become known as Zoso. Nobody really knows for sure what the symbol means other than Jimmy himself, but it has been a mysterious question for Led Zeppelin fans ever since.The fourth album is also considered to be one of Led Zeppelins greatest works and contains some of their most memorable songs. Led Zeppelin IV contained such Led Zeppelin classics as Black Dog, Rock and Roll, spillage to California, When the Levee Breaks, and Stairway to Heaven. Led Zeppelin returned to their hard rock form from their first two records and the result was their best selling record. Led Zeppelin IV is the fourth best-selling album in history with over 22 million copies sold. The epic Stairway to Heaven is still the most requested song of all-time for radio (Retrieved April 5, 2011, rockhall.com).I n 1973 Led Zeppelin released Houses of the Holy and in 1975 released the double album Physical Graffiti. These two albums both topped the charts and produced songs such as Kashmir, Over the Hills and Far Away, Houses of the Holy, and Trampled Under Foot. These years were also the height of Led Zeppelins tours. From 1970 until Aug. 1975 Led Zeppelin toured extensively in Britain and the U.S. They set record numbers for attendance and were famous for playing at sports stadiums and other large venues. In August of 1975 Robert Plant and his wife were involved in a serious car accident which prevented the band from touring. Although they couldnt tour, they still continued to stay in the public eye.During their break from touring due to Plants injury, the band focused on new materials and finishing an old project. In March of 1976 the band released Presence, their sixth album. Presence was their worst selling album, although it did produce the epic song Achilles Last Stand. Also, in 1973 the band played three shows in New York City at Madison Square Gardens and their live performances were filmed for use in a live concert film that was released in October 1976. The band returned to the touring enlistment in 1977 and picked up where they left off. The band continued to set records for attendance to their concerts and live performances. After touring for a few months, the band cancelled the remainder of the 1977 tour dates due to the surprising demise of Robert Plants son.After the death of Plants son, the band took a break and returned to record their next album in late 1978. The album, In by dint of the Out Door, was released in the summer of 1979. Songs like Fool in the Rain and All of my Love propelled it to the top of the charts. Led Zeppelin toured Europe on and off in 1979 and 1980. On Sept. 25th, 1980, John Bonham was found deathlike at the age of thirty-two as a result of choking on his own bum following a day of very heavy drinking. The band disbanded f ollowing his death, although they did release an album of old Led Zeppelin outtakes called Coda in 1982.Over the years after 1980 the band only reunited for a few one-time performances. In 1985 they played at the Live Aid concert and again in 1988 for the Atlantic records 40th anniversary. Robert Plant and Jimmy Page released an album together in 1994 entitled No Quarter. Also, In honor of the life of their friend Ahmed Ertegun, the three living members reunited with Jason Bonham, Johns son, on drums to play a concert in London in December 2007. Almost three decades after their departure Led Zeppelin was still highly regarded by both old and new fans, as their show in December 2007 set a new record for most demanded concert tickets.From 1968 to 1980 Led Zeppelin dominated the rock music world with their high-energy live performances that broke numerous attendance records and their chart-topping albums. Their songs are still some of the most recognized and requested songs on American radio. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 and reliable the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005. Their biography for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame used these nomenclature to describe their legacy Combining the visceral power and intensity of hard rock with the finesse and diplomacy of British folk music, Led Zeppelin redefined rock in the Seventies and for all time. They were as influential in that decade as the Beatles were in the prior one (Retrieved April 5, 2011, rockhall.com). Led Zeppelin paved the way for the hard rock bands of the late seventies, eighties, and into the nineties. They also popularized huge live performances at stadiums and arenas that were emulated for years to follow. The impact and legacy of Led Zeppelin has influenced bands and the entire music industry for the past three decades and will continue to influence them for years to come.Demographic Analysis of Service persona Results ChapterDemographic Analysis of Ser vice Quality Results ChapterThis section presents the findings about the respondents profile in terms of their age, gender, train of education and monthly income. The data are shown in frequencies and percentage.4.1.1 Age GenderThe respondents have been classified into six groups of age less than 18 years old between 19-25 years old between 26-35 years old between 36-45 years old between 46-55 years old 56 years old and above. dodge 4.1 indicates that there were no respondents whose age was less than 18 years old. Around one-fifth (33 or 21.6 percent) of the respondents whose age was between 19-25 years old. More than half(prenominal) (78 or 51.0 percent) of the respondents whose age was between 26-35 years old. rough (33 or 21.6 percent) of the respondents whose age was between 36-45 years old. Only (8 or 5.2 percent) respondents whose age was between 46-55 years old and only one person whose age was 56 years old and above.4.1.2 aim of educationThe respondents have been class ified into six groups of educational aim high school, diploma (two years), bachelors degree, masters degree, doctoral degree and other.Table 4.3 indicates that there were almost (11 or 7.2 percent) of the respondents who had high school. or so (5 or 3.3 percent) of the respondents who had diploma (two years). About one-third (52 or 34.0 percent) of the respondents who had bachelors degree. More than third (60 or 39.2 percent) of the respondents who had masters degree. About (23 or 15 percent) of the respondents who had doctoral degree and about (2 or 1.3 percent) holding other types of certificates.4.1.3 Monthly IncomeThe respondents have been classified into seven groups of monthly income Less than 2,999 3,000 5,999 6,000 8,999 9,000 11,999 12,000 14,999 15,000 19,999 and More than 20,000 SAR per month.Table 4.4 shows that there were almost (12 or 7.8 percent) of the respondents who had less than 2,999 SAR income. About (15 or 9.8 percent) had between 3K 5,999 SAR. About (2 2 or 14.4 percent) had between 6K 8,999 SAR. About 17.6 and 17.0 percent had less than 12K and 15K respectively. The majority (28 or 18.3 percent) of respondents had between 15K 19,999 SAR per month and about (23 or 15.0 percent) have had more than 20K SAR as monthly income.4.2 Level of Selected VariablesThis part discusses the respondents level of agreement on system prime(a) factors, information feature factors and service quality factors. The findings are presented in frequencies, percentages, and means. The discussion also emphasizes the data sufficiency and variables effect on e-Commerce growth within Saudi Arabia.4.2.1 Level of agreement based on system qualityIn terms of musical arrangement Quality Approach, it can be seen in Table 4.5 that 58 (37.9 percent) of the respondents are Strongly correspond, while 29 (19 percent) of the respondents are Agree and 28 (18.3 percent) jolly Agree. Twenty-two (14.4 percent) of the respondents are Not Sure. Ten (6.5 percent) are ro ughly disagree while 2 (1.3 percent) of them are Disagree. Only 4 respondents (2.6 percent) are Strongly Disagree.The findings indicated factor 2 (Ease of Use) as the highest level of agreement among the respondents (M=5.66, SD=1.531) in this category. On the other hand, factor 4 (Reliability) had the lowest level of agreement among the respondents (M=5.34, SD=1.717).In the case of the factor analysis, one important aspect is to test the assumptions. The two key techniques used are the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sampling adequacy test and the bartlett test for sphericity. The KMO tests the stealness of the data, while the Bartlett tests for correlations. For system quality, these tests are shown on Table 4.7.As shown on Table 4.7, the KMO is 0.898. According to Field (2005, p650), the recommended lower limit KMO is 0.5 Values between 0.5 and 0.7 are considered as mediocre. KMO of values between 0.7 and 0.8 are considered as good, while values above 0.8 are considered as great. Base d on the KMO of 0.898 produced in this analysis, it has been justified that the factor analysis was appropriate for this data.Bartletts measure tests the null hypothesis that the original correlation matrix is an identity matrix. For factor analysis to work, it in necessary for some variables to have relationships if the R-matrix were an identity, then all correlation coefficients would be zero. Hence there is a need to test for significance (have p The results of the more robust factor analysis techniques for system quality show that a single result explained about 75% of the variance as shown on Table 4.8 below.4.2.2 Level of agreement based on information qualityIn terms of Information Quality Approach, it can be seen in Table 4.7 that 46 (30.1 percent) of the respondents are Strongly Agree, while 36 (23.5 percent) of the respondents are Agree and 39 (25.5 percent) Somewhat Agree. Seventeen (11.1 percent) of the respondents are Not Sure. Nine (5.9 percent) are Somewhat Disagree while 2 (1.3 percent) of them are Disagree. Only 4 respondents (2.6 percent) are Strongly Disagree.The findings indicated factor 6 (Simplicity) as the most influential factor amongst the respondents (M=5.64, SD=1.431) in this category. On the other hand, factor 4 (Personalization) had the lowest level of agreement among the respondents (M=5.16, SD=1.506).The factor analysis produced a single factor solution with an explanatory variance of 78% (Table 4.11). The KMO was 0.913 and Bartlett test (p = 0.000), indicating the appropriateness of the factor analysis.4.2.3 Level of agreement based on service qualityIn terms of Service Quality Approach, it can be seen in Table 4.9 that 46 (30.1 percent) of the respondents are Strongly Agree, while 36 (23.5 percent) of the respondents are Agree and 39 (25.5 percent) Somewhat Agree. Seventeen (11.1 percent) of the respondents are Not Sure. Nine (5.9 percent) are Somewhat Disagree while 2 (1.3 percent) of them are Disagree. Only 4 respondents (2. 6 percent) are Strongly Disagree.The findings indicated factor 2 (Understanding) as the highest level of agreement among the respondents (M=5.32, SD=1.370) in this category. On the other hand, factor 5 (Dedication) had the lowest level of agreement among the respondents (M=4.96, SD=1.589).Again, the factor analysis produced a single factor solution with an explanatory variance of 67% (Table 4.13). The KMO was 0.900 and Bartlett test (p = 0.000), indicating the appropriateness of the factor analysis.4.3 Reliability Analysis runReliability can be defined as the degree to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure would produce the same result on repeated trials (Writing guides, 2009). Furthermore, reliability could be defined as the degree to which measures are free from error and thus yield consistent results (Zikmund, 2003).There are several different types of reliability coefficients such as Split half reliability, Guttman, Parallel, Strictly parallel and Cronbachs alpha. C ronbachs alpha is one of the most usually used measures because it can be interpreted as a correlation coefficient and it ranges in value from 0 to 1 (Coakes and Steed, 2003). Hence, Cronbachs alpha was used as a measurement of reliability for each variable in this study.From the analysis done on the instruments listed under each variable in the questionnaire, Table 4.14 shows that Cronsbachs Alpha for the variables system quality, information quality, and service quality are 0.931, 0.943, and 0.898 respectively. The internal consistency reliability of the measures can be considered as great as it achieved more than 0.8 Alpha values (Field, 2005, p. 668).4.4 Demographic effect on the dimensions factorsAs stated in chapter three, the effect of demographic differences is to be examined wither it effect the significance of factors in each dimension or not. The following hypothesis was built to test this issueH0 Demographic differences have no impact on variables significance in an IS model.H1 The brilliance of success variables in an IS model vary due to demographic differences.To cautiously investigate this issue, a comparison was made between cases with different demographic (from same category) in each on of the three dimensions (i.e. System Quality, Information Quality, and Service Quality) to distinctly mark any differences that might exist. A detailed list of all the mean comparison made is included in appendix B.4.4.1 Age difference effect on system qualityTo measure the influence of age on system quality, several comparisons have been made to investigate the case. In general, all tests showed an increase in system quality demanding along with the increase in age.The ease of use and system flexibility features significance increases with respect to the increase in age as descried in Table 4.14. Youth are careless happen takers, while elders are more worldly-minded risk averse this statement can be clearly observed when monitoring (Reliability Secu rity) which increases with the growth of age.Consequently, the effect of age difference on system quality could be undoubtedly seen in this matter.4.4.2 Level of education effect on information qualityTo test the collateral effect of education level on the information quality dimension, three comparisons have been carried out.First, both doctoral and masters equally Agree on the importance of information accuracy high school level, on the other hand, are Not Sure about that. While diploma holders Strongly Agree with the importance of dynamic contents, bachelors degree holders see less significance, thus, they tend to Somewhat Agree with that statement. Unlike bachelors degree holders who Somewhat Agree with the importance of information simplicity, doctoral degree holders do Agree on its weight for information quality.By looking at the three comparisons made, it could be clearly stated that the effect of education level is significant in this situation.4.4.3 Gender difference effect on service qualityDifferent gender has different interpretation of service quality provided by e-commerce support centres. To test the indirect effect of gender difference on the services quality provided, a small comparison has been made.Women tend to be more concerned about service centre willingness to help (commitment) and they Agree on the importance of human interaction ability in support centres. Men, on the other hand, give less attention Somewhat Agree to these two aspects. An interesting case to be noticed in this context is the privacy protection. In a conventional society such as Saudi Arabia, people tend to be more conservative when it comes to giving personal information. In such society, women are expected to be more conservative then men. Results, however, revealed that men were actually more sensitive toward privacy protection then women as show in Table 4.17.Accordingly, it could be concluded that gender differences have an effect on service quality dimension as s hown here.4.4 Summary of FindingsThe study revealed a number of interesting cases that need some attention in order to understand the behavior and logical reasoning behind it in order to help build a better e-Commerce system that is more considerate and sensitive to the needs of targeted consumers.Some of interesting be information, regarding the participants, that could be found from the previous tables includesAge More than half (51%) of the respondents are between 26-35 years old. This indicates the fact that Saudi Arabia is a young nation with a median age of 24.9 years (male 26 years, female person 23.4 years) (The World Fact book, 2010).Gender The majority (72.5 %) of the participants are males. This is due to cultural limitation of contact between the two genders (women segregation) within the country. The minority was done via relatives.Education More than (88 %) of the participants are holders of bachelor, masters, or doctoral degrees. This is comprehensible since the onl ine survey was circulated amongst Saudi Students in the UK Saudi Arabia.The findings indicate that simplicity (Ease of use) was the most pointed feature amongst the various system quality factors. A user friendly designed system with simple navigation ability seemed more important to consumers than reliability power, robustness or even security standards. Thus, e-Commerce marketing strategy should focus on sending the image of a simple user friendly e-Commerce system rather than focusing on the facts of security or multi-access capabilities (i.e. PC Mobile, 24/7, etc).As for Information quality measures, the findings indicated that simplicity was again the key factor acquired by consumers. Although completeness and accuracy were of high demands (5.47 5.58 means), keeping it simple, straight forward, and in understandable terms was most favorite feature. This is obvious when compared to comprehensiveness which might leads to long lists of annoying terms and conditions catalog.The ability of e-Commerce support centers to understand consumers specific needs was the most important factor of service quality. An argument might be that, a well committed and knowledgeable support personal would not be helpful if the consumer needs were mistakenly interpreted.Based on the data of 153 respondents, the multi-items measures were subjected to a series of validity and reliability checks. For the multi-item scale, the set of factors that correspond to each dimension was initially subjected to an examination of Cronbachs alpha and item-to-total correlations test.Thus, all measures appeared to be uni-dimensional, internally consistent, reliable and valid for analysis of the model. Furthermore, this chapter has examined the influence of demographic effects on the dimensions (System, Information and Service) factors prioritization process. The relationship was conducted by computing the differences measures of the means and normal Deviations, which supported the hypotheses that all the variables have a significance impact on e-Commerce growth and adoption in Saudi Arabia.

The importance of investment appraisal

The importance of coronation appraisalInvestment appraisal helps the investors or the financial institutes to identify the attractiveness of any investment funds proposal among different available methods, for instance IRR (Internal aim of Return), NPV ( meshing move over abide by), payback hitch etc. Investment Appraisal is a fundamental body of great Budgeting which is also applicable in the aras where the rejoin may non be quantifiable. Investment Appraisal is historic as because it shows the investors to calculate the out get along of the investment. Further more, with the help of Investment Appraisal the investors so-and-so easily identify the trump or most profitable option among the available alternatives. (Investment Appraisal, n.d.).(b) What is the payback period of from each one confound? If AP Ltd imposes a 3 year maximum payback period which of these regurgitates should be veritable?The payback period is the sequence frame required to recover the investe d step. In the shell of the cash combines with an annuity (same amount in each year), then payback period can be easily calculated by dividing the cost by the annual cash come down. Otherwise we subtract the cash flows from the cost until the remainder is zero. For any sort of investment firms prefer short payback period as the investment can be used someplace else. Gener tout ensembley, firms maintain some maximum allowable payback period against which all investments be compared. It is a touristy method as is quick and easy to calculate and importantly it gives a circular of the liquidity of the project. (Timothy R. Mayes, n.d.)Payback occlusive for range A stratum money FlowCumulative immediate payment Flow1383824280348128450178570248The payback period for Project A= 2+ (115000-80000)/48000= 2+ 0.73= 2.73 yearsPayback Period for Project BAs this is a constant stream of cash flow, the payback period for Project B= 115000/43000= 2.67 yearsBoth the projects can be accepte d, If AP Ltd imposes a 3 year maximum payback. scarcely between these two projects, B will be preferred over A.(c) What are the problems of the payback period?Though the payback method provides real usefulness by providing information on how long pecuniary resource will be engaged in the project it suffers from two primary problemsPayback Period does not consider the time nurture of money In this count, Cash Flows are simply added without discounting. This violates the most canonic principle of financial analysis which stipulates that cash flows occurring at different points can be considered only by and by suitable compounding/ discounting. (V S RAMA RAO, 2008)This measure does not consider a projects profitability. It is just a measure of a projects crown recovery.Though it measures a projects liquidity, it does not indicate the liquidity position of the firm as a whole. (V S RAMA RAO, 2008)The payback period method leads to ignore projects generating substantial cash infl ows in later years. (Sarma, Deepak, nd)(d) Determine the NPV for each of these projects? Should they be accepted explain why?Project AYearCash Flow force out FactorNet Present apprise1380000.89686098734080.722420000.80435962933783.103480000.72139877134627.144500000.64699441332349.725700000.58026404840618.48 measure175459.16So, Profit = Total Inflow- Initial Investment= 175,459.16-115,000.00= 60459.17As the NPV of Project A seems a profitable one (Projects NPV is bigger than the Initial Investment) it can be accepted.Project BYearCash FlowDiscount FactorNet Present Value1430000.89686098738565.022430000.80435962934587.463430000.72139877131020.144430000.64699441327820.755430000.58026404824951.35Total156944.74So, Profit = Total Inflow- Initial Investment= 156944.74- 115000= 41944.74As the NPV of Project B seems a profitable one (Projects NPV is bigger than the Initial Investment), it can be accepted.(e) Describe the logic behind the NPV approach.The cyberspace give in honor (NPV) i s the difference between the stick in value of the cash flows (the benefit) and the cost of the investment (IO)In other words, this is the projected increase in wealth that the shareholders will receive out of any accepted project. All projects with NPV greater than or impact to zero should be accepted. A project with positive Net Present Value means the IRR is greater than the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC).NPV, Net Present Value, allows you to value a companys assets at their correct current value when the accounts are prepared. The calculation of NPV takes into account the assets master cost, less all accumulated depreciation allowed against that asset in previous tax computations.The NPV method is ground on a logical approach. An NPV of zero signifies that the projects cash flows are exactly sufficient to repay the invested uppercase and to provide the required rate of return on that crown. If NPV 0, then the project is generating a larger amount of cash that req uired to service debt and to allow a return to shareholders. So if the firm takes on projects that pee positive net present values (NPV) then the wealth of shareholders will increase, enticing them to increase their investment in the firm.The NPV method of capital budgeting dictates that all independent projects that have positive NPV should accepted. The rationale that is behind that command arises from the idea that all such projects add wealth, and that should be the overall goal of the manager in all respects. If strictly using the NPV method to evaluate two mutually exclusive projects, you would want to accept the project that adds the most value (i.e. the project with the higher NPV).Net present value is defined as a way to improve the effectiveness of project evaluations through the use of discounted cash flow techniques. To find the present value of a project, you must first find the present value of each cash flow discounted at the cost of capital. Then, sum the discounte d cash flows. If the NPV is positive, accept the project. If NPV is negative, reject the project. It is important to remember that if two projects are mutually exclusive, the project that has the higher NPV should be selected.Net present value is defined as a way to improve the effectiveness of project evaluations through the use of discounted cash flow techniques. To find the present value of a project, you must first find the present value of each cash flow discounted at the cost of capital. Then, sum the discounted cash flows. If the NPV is positive, accept the project. If NPV is negative, reject the project. It is important to remember that if two projects are mutually exclusive, the project that has the higher NPV should be selected(f) Discuss the relationship between NPV and cost of capital.NPV has a plow impact on the capital budgeting decision. These two factors are directly inter-related.NPV NPV = 0 implies IRR = Cost of Capital Provides the minimum return. Probably rejec t from the cash flow perspective. Others factors could be important.NPV 0 implies IRR Cost of Capital Screen in for further analysis. Other investments may provide better returns and capital should be rationed, i.e., go to the most profitable projects. Others factors could be important.(g) Calculate the IRR for each project. Should they be accepted?IRR of Project ANPV at 25%YearCash FlowDiscount FactorNPV1380.830.42420.6426.883480.51224.5764500.409620.485700.3276822.9376Total125.2736Initial Investment115.0000Net Present Value at 25%10.2736NPV at 30%YearCash FlowDiscount FactorNPV1380.76923076929.230772420.59171597624.852073480.45516613621.847974500.35012779717.506395700.26932907418.85304Total112.2902Initial Investment115Net Present Value at 30%-2.70976So, IRR For Project A = 25%+ 10.2736/(10.2736+2.7097) x (30%-25%)=25%+3.95%=28.95%As the IRR of Project A is a positive one, it can be accepted, considering the remaining factors constant.IRR of Project BNet Present Value at 25%YearC ashFlowDiscount FactorNPV1430.834.42430.6427.523430.51222.0164430.409617.61285430.3276814.09024Total115.639Initial Investment115Net Present Value at 25%0.63904YearCashFlowDiscount FactorNPV1430.76923076933.076922430.59171597625.443793430.45516613619.572144430.35012779715.05555430.26932907411.58115Total104.7295Initial Investment115Net Present Value at 30%-10.2705So, IRR For Project A = 25%+ 6390/(6390+102705) x (30%-25%)= 25% +0.29%=25.29%As the IRR of Project B is a positive one, it can be accepted, considering the remaining factors constant.(h) How does a change in the cost of capital affect the projects IRR?The inner rate of return (IRR) is considered as the discount rate that nullify the present value of a particular projects projected cash inflows to the present value of the projects cost (interest rate) or equivalently, the IRR is the rate that forces the NPV to equal zeroThediscount rate often used in capitalbudgetingthat makes the net present value of all cash flows from a pa rticular projectequal to zero. Generally speaking, the higher a projects internal rate of return, the more desirable it is to undertake the project. As such, IRR can be used to rank several(prenominal) prospective projects a firm is considering. Assuming all other factors are equal among the various projects, the project with the highest IRR would probably be considered the best and undertaken first.The logic behind the IRR method isThe IRR on a project is its measured rate of return. If the internal rate of return exceeds the cost of the funds used to finance the project, a superfluous will remain after paying for the capital, and this surplus will accrue to the firms stockholdersTherefore, taking on a project whos IRR exceeds its cost of capital increases shareholders wealth. On the other hand, if the IRR is less than the cost of capital, then taking on the project will impose a cost on current stockholders. It is this breakeven characteristic that makes the IRR useful in evalua ting capital projects.(i) Discuss why the NPV method is often regarded to be superior to the IRR method?The IRR is defined as the discount rate that equates the present values of a projects expected cash inflows to the present value of the projects be (Page 351). Additionally, when dealing with independent projects, the NPV and IRR methods will always yield the same accept/reject result. However, in the case of mutually exclusive projects, NPV and IRR can give conflicting results. One shortcoming of the internal rate of return is that it assumes that cash flows received are reinvested at the projects internal rate of return, which is not usually trueA conflict exists if the cost of capital is less than the crossover rate. Two basic conditions can cause NPV profiles to cross, and thus conflicts to arise between NPV and IRR(1) when project size (or scale) differences exist, meaning that the cost of one project is largest than that of the other, or(2) when quantify differences exist , meaning that the timing of cash flows from the two projects differs such that most of the cash flows from one project come in the early years while most of the cash flows from the other project come in the later years (Page 355)The value of early cash flows depends on the return we can earn on those cash flows, that is the rate at which we can reinvest them. The NPV method implicitly assumes that the rate at which cash flows can be reinvested is the cost of capital, whereas the IRR method assumes that the firm can reinvest at the IRR (Page 355). Because of the above criteria The NPV method is considered as more reliable method than IRR. The best assumption is that the projects cash flows can be reinvested at the cost of capital (Page 355).The IRR is a popular technique primarily because it is a percentage which is easily compared to the WACC. However, it suffers from a couple of flawsThe calculation of the IRR implicitly assumes that the cash flows are reinvested at the IRR. This may not always be realistic.Percentages can be misleading (would you rather earn 100% on a $100 investment, or 10% on a $10,000 investment?)Using both measures gives better results than using either completely. IRR is also useful alone in virtually all time-value-of-money problems.

Hybrid Model of Crisis Intervention Case Study

Hybrid Model of Crisis hitch boldness deliberateFrances RouletThe assignment (3-4 pages)Provide an analysis of the crisis depicted in the lineament Study in this weeks Learning Resources.Explain how you would apply the Hybrid Model to the crisis in the Case Study.Integrate Maslows model into your evaluation and explain how you did so.In 1972 a armament infantryman flew home al peerless from Vietnam. When he arrived in his hometown, San Antonio, TX, no one was there to greet him. His return was not communicated to his family, and his wife was at thrash in the whitethornors office while his six-year-old daughter and 10-year-old word of honor were at tame. Feeling confused and without family, friends, or military support, he took a bus to a nearby stop and walked the preserveder of the way home. He searched out two guns in his home and asked his neighbor if he could sop up her car. He then left to pick up his children at school and walked into the school firing at faculty an d students. Several teachers and students were gunned down. He give his two children, took them, and left for the San Antonio whitethornors office to find his wife. At that time he left his children in the car, re-loaded his guns, and went into his wifes office, once more firing his guns and appargonntly killing some(prenominal) individuals including a number of council persons, law officers, and the mayor.You are a Professor of Counselor Education and Supervision at a university in San Antonio, TX. Apply the Six-Step Model of Crisis Intervention for responding in this community.Case field of operations resume.Analysis.In the Case Vignette no 1, the soldier had been deployed certify to his hometown in San Antonio, Texas. Hoge, Lesikar, Guevara, Lange, Brundage, Engel, Orman, Messer (2002) explained that researches conducted after military conflicts, deployment strainors and exposing soldiers to combat were con casered pretends factors of mental health problems, including post-traumatic stress dis put up, PSTD, major depression, substance abuse, impairment in mixer functioning and in the ability to work and the increase use of health care services.In this case, although there is insufficient information slightly the infantry soldier and, we do not know if he faced directly combat, this soldier and dowery of his comrades were unfastened to danger, injuries and death on a daily basis. Although not everyone exposed to violence or traumatic events may develop posttraumatic stress dis coordinate, factors, such as, the volume of the trauma and proximity to the circumstances can increase the propensity of underdeveloped the disorder (Phillips, LeardMann, Gumbs Smith, 2010).According to Phillips, LeardMann, Gumbs Smith (2010) when a person is exposed to combat, and arrive constant threats of death or envision to it, serious injury or witness to it become significant risk factors for screening positive for postdeployment PTSD among soldiers as well as, violence exposures prior entering the infantry.Hoge, Castro, Messer, McGurk, Cotting, Koffman (2004) explained that soldiers and marines presented new intrusion PTSD after returning from combat several months later. These investigators explained that in their study a 7.6% was revealed with prob satisfactory new onset PTSD. In the Case Vignette No. 1, he definitely was presenting new onset symptoms for PTSD because he felt confused, alone without support and no communication. There is a fortune that he might have been impacted and presented symptoms of PTSD in the first place macrocosm deployed to Vietnam, and returned traumatized with his experience in Vietnam.The infantry soldier of this case, was impacted, and presented symptoms of PTSD apparently forrader cosmos deployed to Vietnam, and returned even more traumatized with his Vietnam experience. These resembling investigators explained that one study was conducted before the military operation with Iraq and Afghanist an and they discovered that a 6 of all US military service personnel on active traffic sure treatment for mental disorders each year (Hoge, Castro, Messer, McGurk, Cotting, Koffman, 2004).Based on my analysis, this case has greater risk for developing a combat related mental disorder, not to mention criminal charges for put uping and killing innocent people. And, at his return, he found out that there was no communication was through before his arrival, no family members to receive. Phillips, LeardMann, Gumbs Smith (2010) explained that when a person is exposed to combat, and, have constant threat of death or witness to it, serious injury or witness to it become significant risk factors for screening positive for post-deployment PTSD.Hybrid Model to the crisis in the Case StudyTRIAGE ASSESSMENT FORM CRISIS INTERVENTION CRISIS EVENT.Identify and describe soon the crisis blotThe identified male is a Vietnam infantry soldier rushed in emergency during morning hours. There were direct witness to several traumatic events and victims of a shooting. Some of these traumatic events wereThe lost of coworkers, friends and neighbors of the community.The impact of an extreme trashy noise impacting their physical cosmos.AFFECTIVE DOMAINIdentify and describe briefly the affect that is present. (If more than one affect is experienced, rate with 1 creation primary, 2 secondary, 3 tertiary.)No. 1. Feeling of fear and anxiety The victims remain with a high level of fear that could be badly hurt or killed. After being a direct witness to the hale event of shooting and seeing people he knew from the community and how they were locomote and dispersing. The victims may present a possibility of not being equal to remember details of how they managed to escape from the traumatic event.No. 2. Feeling of being confused Feeling confused of what happened or not being able to comprehend the traumatic event.No. 2. Feeling of immoral Feeling guilty of running away from the ev ent when they could of religious serviceed a neighbor, friend or co-worker.No. 2. Feeling anguished when speaking of the traumatized events.No. 2. Feeling sad.No. 3. ire feelings completely repressed.Affective Severity surpassCircle the number that virtually closely corresponds with knobs reception to crisis.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Moderate constipation 7Affect may be incongruent with situation.Extended periods of intense negative moods.Mood is experienced noticeably more intensely than situation warrants.Affects may be obviously incongruent with situation.behavioural DOMAINIdentify and describe briefly which behavior is currently being used. (If more than one behavior is utilized, rate with 1 being primary, 2 secondary, 3 tertiary.)APPROACHDirect witness to several traumatic events, such as the scene of bodies of people round the victims. The tendency of the victims is running as far as they can from the traumatic and noxious event.AVOIDANCEVictims may not loss to debar meet ing new friends in order to develop and maintain a social circle. And, also may avoid having the opportunity of a new relationship.IMMOBILITYThe victims may constantly be re-experiencing the traumatic event of Vietnam. Their spontaneous memories of the traumatic events, recurrent dreams about the mornings where he was exploded the attacks, that killed several people and injured others were rushed that same morning. They might present flashbacks of the dramatic and traumatic events of the morning. The victims explained especially when they turn around to see what had happened. And, they see others being abused and terrorized. They immediately remember the traumatic event and they keep seeing more people dead. Then, they begins feeling panicky and non trustful from all people that surrounds them. They present a prolonged distress.behavioural Severity ScaleCircle the number that most closely corresponds with clients reaction to crisis.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Moderate Impairment 7Behavior s are maladaptive but not immediately destructive.Behaviors are difficult to control even with repeated requests.Behavior is becoming a threat to self or others and increasingly difficult to control.Ability to accomplish tasks necessary for daily functioning may be noticeably compromised.cognitive DOMAINIdentify if a transgression, threat, or loss has occurred in the spare-time activity areas and describe briefly. (If more than one cognitive response occurs, rate with 1 being primary, 2 secondary, 3 tertiaryPHYSICAL (food, water, safety, shelter, etc.) During the escape from the shooting, and although they do not recall how they managed to escape or how they managed to get to the opposite side of the affected area, they suffered deprivation of safety and medical and psychological attention for several minutes. According to Gilliland (2013) the transgression, threat, loss or the three may be perceive as an association to whatever the person physical needs are.___1___ transgressio n ___1____THREAT ___1____LOSSPSYCHOLOGICAL (self-concept, emotional well being, identity, etc.) They present a persistent and reprobate sense of confusion or guiltiness of not able to help others. They may present arousal when presenting sleep disturbance, hyper-vigilance during the following weeks.___1___ TRANSGRESSION ___1____THREAT ___1____LOSS friendly RELATIONSHIPS (family, friends, co-workers, etc.) Some of the victims may have lost friends, family members, and neighbors when they were forced to run for their lives in order to continue living after the traumatic event suffered. They may markedly diminished interest in activities, such as their social life and interpersonal relationships. Gilliland (2013) explains that the disturbance, regardless of its triggers causes clinical significant distress and at times impairment in her social interactions and capacity to work.___1___ TRANSGRESSION ___1____THREAT ___1____LOSSmoral/SPIRITUAL (personal integrity, values, belief system, etc.) They might questioned their spiritual believes, or may want to see a representative of their religious community in order to feel reassure their spiritual believes___1___ TRANSGRESSION ___1____THREAT ____1___LOSSCognitive Severity ScaleCircle the number that most closely corresponds with clients reaction to crisis.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Moderate Impairment 7 clients perception and interpretation of crisis event may differ in some respects with reality of situation. Intrusive thoughts of crisis event with limited control. enigma solving and end-making abilities adversely affected by obsessiveness, self-doubt, confusion. Client experiences recurrent difficulties with problem-solving and decision making abilities. Problem-solving and decision making abilities minimally affected. Clients perception and interpretation of crisis event substantially match with reality of situation.DOMAIN badness SCALE SUMMARYAffective 7 Cognitive 7 behavioral 7 Total 21Developmental Ecologic al Assessment Approach. lay out of Psychosocial Development.In this particular case, the developmental psychosocial stages of all the victims were working class adults in their working environment and during normal working hours. And, school students in an primeval morning studying period hours of a regular weekday.ReferencesHoge, C., W., Castro, C., A., Messer, S., C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I. Koffman, R., L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1) 13-22.Hoge, C., W., Lesikar, S., E., Guevara, R., Lange, J., Brundage, J., F., Engel, C., C., Orman, D., T. Messer, S., C. (2002). Mental Disorders among US military personnel in the 1990s Association with high levels of health care utilization and early military attrition. American Journal Psychiatry, 159 1576-1583.James, R. Gilliland, B. (2013). Crisis Intervention Strategies. (7th Edition). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.Philli ps, C. J., LeardMann, C. A., Gumbs, G. R., Smith, B. (2010). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among deployed US male marines. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1) 52.Vogt, D. S., Tanner, L. R. (2007). Risk and resilience factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in Gulf War I veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(1) 27-38.

Individual Reflection Report On A Business Plan Education Essay

Individual Reflection Report On A line of stool Plan Education EssayTerms of ReferenceThis report has been prepargond as a reflective range of my groups stage business externalise for MBA rush. The economic consumption of this reflection sheet is to redirect how I and my group mates worked period undertaking the externalize. The point of writing this report is to include my thoughts and reactions to the go through. The reflective daybook is a personal record of my learning produces (White, 2005). I extradite been asked by university management to write an individual reflective daybook on business plan that should consist of my deprecative way of cerebration in an analytic way. It has been written to reflect on my work which will bothow the readers to guess my achievement being a constituent of a group and my subprogram as a interrogationer, analyser, critical thinker, reporter and presenter (White, 2005). I assay to be as specific as possible as this journal is a persuasive essay arguing on behalf of myself. It includes where my inspiration comes from, how I do use of my whims to develop my work and my awareness of the context in which I work. This reflective journal is an individual report that has described my work based on the business plan that I pee-pee participated in. I was elect to work in a aggroup of atomic number 23 shares to demonstrate a business plan regarding launching a business in Cardiff. My group members for this assignment were Archana Ashu, Gagan Deep Singh, Nadeem Khan and Rachit Ajmera. The business plan that we make water worked together, is regarding launching a multiplex cinema in Cardiff. This business plan provides a 3 year operating plan for a multiple cinema with a start-up capital of 5 million. In this report we highlighted and analysed all the factors essential for a start-up. We considered grocery store analysis, market strategy and costing, mental facultying and resourcing, and financial pr ojections for the frontmost 3 years of the business. In this reflective journal I father described objectively what happened, I tried to Interpret the events explaining what I adage and heard, my insights, my connections with opposite learning, my hypotheses and my conclusions. I similarly evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of what was observed.In this journal, I have described how I tackled group issues, interpreted my role as a team member, what did I learn being a team member and How I approached challenges. Other than trouble solving I have recorded and mentioned knowledge and discovering of relevant theories, synthesis of what would I do dissimilarly next era reflecting on how the workshops/meetings helped develop my study? I have been asked to reflect an analysis, taking into account aspects of my strategy formulation and explaining how I built upon and applied knowledge from taught modules. I have make confident(predicate) that structure of work prolongs al l the section headings and recognises marking scheme, language is brief and this journal is presented check to school guidelines.Problem solvingI was chosen to work in a team of five members to build a business plan regarding launching a business in Cardiff. My team members for this assignment were Archana Ashu, Gagan Deep Singh, Nadeem Khan and Rachit Ajmera. Although I wanted to be in a team of my a providedting friends, the administration allocated teams randomly and put me in a group of five students. Luckily I already had close friendship with one member and I k young one other as he was in a same study group as mine. Initially I had objections with the supervisors decision of allocation but gradually as I started to know my team members, this opposition faded away. I mat up companionable and enthusiastic being in this team. Being students from varied backgrounds and societies by nature raised some problems for us but we managed to solve all the issues quite an amicabl y (Gillie, 2010). All the disagreements were resolved and we worked together harmoniously. As a contemporary management student, I dumb the capability of a team is greater than the collective abilities of the individuals within it. As soon as I was consigned in a team, I called eitherone for a meeting to know each other and discuss task in hand. For me, doing the work in a friendly environment and more casually could make the task easier. Rest of the team members did not agree and had some reservations but I motivated them and persuaded them to follow my arrangement. In the meetings, plan was discussed and ideas were revolved (Gillie, 2010). I also put prior my thoughts and plans. After careful planning, thorough discussion and constructive statements I made them agree on the topic. We defined our roles according to our strengths in subject areas and tasks were appoint to each member. My team set its standards of ethics and behaviours to achieve positive synergy and to create e ffective environment (Levin, 2008). All team members were highly move and motivated. My strong area was selling, hence id been assigned with collecting, analysing and evaluating marketing aspects of the business plan. I also convinced them to work closely and stay in aeonian contact. Although we had to work individually on our tasks but I collaborated to help others in their work and vice versa (Levin, 2008). Apart from problems mentioned above, I and other team members go ab out some other problems such as lack of knowledge of how to demand the study, inexperience of research process, lack of critical analysis during research process, little research was done on every individuals part and there were critical judgements on each others work, no reckonment of critical thinking which made our presentation look descriptive, and inconsistent decision making. All these problems were solved conjointly (Gillie, 2010).I have learnt that team is more victoryful when members within it are able to create synergy. Since our goals, objectives, tasks, and priorities were larger than any individual, teamwork was required. When team members know how to be more effective together, synergy happens and greater organizational success is achieved. I have also understood the importance of teamwork (Sugars, 2005). I considered every member of my team as important as each person brought rum skills, knowledge, and experience. Team members also brought energy, drive, passion, and determination. Since not everyone brings different amounts of all of these social functions, team members indispensable each other. Increasing the strength of each team member produced greater team success and results. I along with my team members approached all the issues quite confidently as I knew our collective strengths could tackle any problem we face (Glover, 2009).Knowledge and UnderstandingBy conducting a research as a team, I felt that there is no doubt team theory is relevant in practice. I was confident to relate the research and the theory I have studied during my MBA course (Sugars, 2005). Previous experience in management field also came handy. The most important thing I have gained knowledge of is the effectively working in a team. In the later stages of the project, coordination among team members increased considerably. This helped in improving and embellish our communication skills. We intentional that everyone can do their own part to work towards a common goal and that there doesnt need to be only when one distinct leader (Glover, 2009).Although different tasks were assigned to team members, I remained in constant contact with every member and consulted on every possible occasion. This also helped me learn and understand their approach as tumesce (Glover, 2009). As an individual, working on a business plan has helped me to understand how to make an official report. It assisted me in research method actingology, how to check different sources and how to carry out research. The proposed business plan was solely concentrated on market penetration and market acquisition with its customer service, facilities, ambience, and projection applied science and above all, operational benefits (Sugars, 2005). Beside this, I managed to learn different marketing techniques and got a practicable experience of how to apply marketing models and theories. I considered myself an important member of a team in formulating strategy and objectives to achieve this strategy. The main think of conducting a market research was to identify and establish potential market and also to get the reliable data for product. I have learned to analyse the market and potential customers sooner entering the market. I understood the market analysis for business is to check the feasibility and the absorbance of product in the market and to understand the trends and behaviour of the consumers in market and to apply strategies whence (Dyer, 2007). All this provided cruci al and reliable information. I studied to carry out market analysis learned about market size and hope its share, trends and behaviour. I also assessed competitors and their strategies, targeted market segments, analysed our business core competencies and critical success factors marketing and costing strategies. This business plan also assisted me in projecting financial position and reports along with knowledge of staffing and resourcing for business (Sugars, 2007). entailmentAlthough all team members planned the business plan and divided the tasks according to their strengths but we still faced some problems. I would like to convert my approach a little next time I involve myself in this type of activity. I would definitely focus on time management and motivation issues (Dyers, 2007). Others areas need to be advanced are analytical skills and market assessments. The area of critics of team needs some perfection as well. Every members presentation skills were weak that resulted in lower marks. The report looked descriptive and team members just read that in the presentation meeting. Experience gained from this project will definitely help to improve the above mentioned areas in the succeeding(a) (Saunders et al. 2009).There are a lot of aspects and factors that helped me develop my judgment and improve my knowledge. Workshops and lectures taught me how to carry out a research in desired fields, what method to select and what approach to take. Meetings provided facilitation in problem solving and strategic planning. These also helped me in decision making and working in a team (White, 2005).Analysis and EvaluationAs a student studying MBA course from a renowned university, I was expected to apply critical thinking and analyse the business plan. The modules that I have studied during my lectures helped me apply marketing tools and techniques to my research. I learned how to apply theory into practice. This was a new idea to me but I was successful in inte rpreting this. This helped me gained both a priori and practical knowledge. I applied knowledge from the books and journals to formulate the strategic plan, relegating and vision of the company that I was working on. I applied different models successfully such as McKenzie 7s model, Porters generic strategies, Ansoffs growth model, IR model, Porters five forces model and some others (Kotler. 2010). The knowledge from the lectures helped me how to search different sources which was useful in strategy formulation. Overall the use of theoretical knowledge in practical situation helped me understand the business plan. I used the theories to advance my understanding of the business plan. The practical experience was built upon the theoretical knowledge (Saunders et al. 2009). hypothesis asked me how to conduct a research based on this I a great deal collected data and information for analysis. conjecture taught me how to calculate I lots used this knowledge to formulate a financial projection Theory explained how to apply different models I managed to use these theories according to my situation and constructed a whole report. I practically worked in human resource filed to staff and resource my business.Having completed this project, I have learned how to better entreat a point in discussion. Using facts and example, my arguments have become much(prenominal) better (Sugars, 2005). The project taught me and my team members to be unspoiled team members, conjunct and helpful. I felt a change as my researching skills increased considerably. I can better understand the topic and use a manikin of sources for search purposes which will help me a lot in early research process. I can create a conclusive argument that can set a tone of the entire project. Using latest techniques of researching and arguing, my paper will seem clearer and my arguments more apparent (Bryman and Bell, 2007). I have also updated my accounting knowledge by working on new accounting p rinciples. I was responsible for quite of lot of report writing. It was good for me to get practice at writing, at proof reading, editing, etc. I did have a sense of achievement when a report was finished. And at long last my computer skills have also improved from writing reports and through having 24-hour devil to the computer. These skills are not great, but in comparison to my own skills before working on this project they have progressed well.I personally timber that business plan is viable as it helps us understand not just to apply critical thinking and analyse the information but to use the theory into practice. This is what I think MBA requires. It helps the students getting management experience and applying what they have learnt in their lectures and workshops.

Semantic Derogation of Woman

Semantic Derogation of cleaning muliebrityThe Semantic Derogation of WomanIn the reading of Muriel Schulz The Semantic Derogation of Woman, the author talks roughly linguistic process in which distinguish woman in a pull in or profound musical mode. The author says this is because hands revere womans attitudes and this is the scarce expressive style they can let it out. Schulzs talks intimately how words over judg custodyt of conviction which were nice and gentlemanly uniform or had a good signification amaze produce rude and slanderous towards woman. I forecast by the end of this paper you will better understand what Schulzs point of legal opinion was severe to figure out clear.The main issue the author points out is how the talk to we use like a shot will carry through to new propagations. She says it end-to-end the paper that men of degenerated all of these words in some way or form to insult woman. For example she says Shakespe atomic number 18 degenera ted the word lewd to esteem prostitute(Schulz, 45). No matter how small or discrete we ar about using slang words sooner or later a new generation will start to use it and unless a generation decides to stop using a part of lyric poem it will glide by to pass on. Men throughout history have designed the langu senesce throughout the generations and have always bushel unequals. For example, all men be created equal this statement coming from our founding fathers. Two things be ruin with that sentence founding fathers, not founding mothers, and all men are created equal not all humans are created equal. Though it is aline men have wrote the language and laws we currently and had previously apply, the future looks brighter and brighter for woman as they infiltrate the government. Not only this, but woman are a huge part of how we are raised. They are not only teaching us in the classroom, but at home too. This I believe disproves the author who states men help women stay out of the falseice. in that respect is no way woman would be in office if it wasnt for men standing up for woman and voting for them too. This is w present I believe Schulz needs evidence for her case.The next part of the article Schulz talks about is the slander used to describe old or gruelling woman. She talks about how men have made words like cow and warhorse to describe these women(Schulz, 43). I believe half of this is true. Ive never heard an old or overweight woman called a warhorse(Schulz, 44). A warhorse or steed usually refers to a three-year-old, fast, athletic person. However, she does list other terms that I would have fully agreed upon like hag. Older ladies still today are called old hags and still today its an insult(Schulz, 43). People who are overweight these days are stilled called cows, and old people are called old hags, these are both insults. Once again she lacks evidence and makes a mistake manifestation that if you called a man a granny he would take it as an insult. If I were called a granny I would just look at the person funny and say do I look like a girl to you.The next issue Schulz talks about is how words like tramp and mistress have degenerated over time to become words that describe woman if they have sex too a great deal or cheat on their man(Schulz, 46). She makes a good point in that things woman do which help pleasure men are made to look degrading, and are looked down upon. Such acts for example are stripping and prostitution. I would have to agree with the author full heartily on this issue. Even though men love skimpy smaller outfits on girls, I cant help and look back on how insincere we are on those girls. Some of these girls are salutary sophisticated young ladies just trying to make a buck, so they can draw off through college and become a helpful person to society. A good example would be Lady Gaga who is now a strong known pop singer in the country. Even though her parents were well off and could pa y for her college, she decided to strip to pay for her college and make herself an fissiparous woman.The final thing the author brings up is why men fear to be inferior with women. She says men just cant stand it that girls are biologically stronger than men during the early stages of life because girls hit puberty faster. Girls besides have a longer lifespan and are less belike to get diseases. For this men must say hostile things to woman to make themselves feel superior and make woman feel worthless. The author here is trying to finish off the reader here with a refinement onslaught against men, but she makes some mistakes. Yes, boys do feel a little weaker when girls start to grow taller than the, so they do say mean things to make themselves feel superior. However, when men in their early twenties are taller than these girls a why do they insult these girls now. Its certainly not because their worried these girls are going to outlast them in life, its because guys think its cool to show off in front of their friends, and see how bad they can insult a girl. I just feel the author really never covers this age group throughout the article.To conclude I think this paper was in truth well written overall. This feminist really has a passion for what shes talking about and really shows it throughout the paper. However, I do feel that she did lack evidence sometimes during the paper, and this can leave holes in her story. I hope I have helped you understand what Schulzs feminist point of view was trying to make clear.Works CitedKing, James. http//thejamkingshow.wordpress.com/2009/04/07/snap-lady-gaga-use-to-be-a-striper/. 7 April 2009.warhorse. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 15 Dec. 2009. .

Danone Company Analysis

Dan 1 Company AnalysisGroup Dan unitary or Danone is the French conjunction which has the head quarter and stock exchange at Paris. Danone sort out produces vicissitude of product in legion(predicate) business segmentations fresh dairy product, irrigate, bollix up food, medical nutrition and beverage. The companionship primarily operated in European region UK, France, Spain, Ger umteen, Italy, by dint of it has operation in Asia, US, Mexico, Argentina, Russia, Brazil, Poland and different parts of the human.In this analysis, we argon focvictimization on Danones bottlefuld piddle naval cleavage only in identify to make it much specific and easy to substance abuse the thirdhand data. Our conference similarly discovers both UK commercialize and Global food food marketplace place according to arc lower-ranking data exitd. Danones assemblage is the second jumper cable producer of packaged pissing in the world flooringd on volume. The convention is i n like manner second tether producer of packaged piss in Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin-America. (Data monitor, 2009). Their water course market packaged down the stairs Volvic, Badoit, Aqua, Naya, Lanjarn, Font Vella, Bonafont (Brazil), Villa del Sur, Villa Vicencio. The group is foc utilize on natural mineral and spring water based business. There argon 2 big tarnishs from this group atomic number 18 operating in UK bottle water market Evian and Volvic. On the go steady ii down the stairs has constituten the Danones group key date from 1958 to 1997.Figure2 Danones group Key dates ( c all tolder history, funding universe)Financial mental process analyzing is equipment that the confederation has to be done e truly grade in regularise to legal community the company performance and company egression so, in advance we face through each topic in market driven trade, we adjudge to consider and go their monetary performance. Then, we pass on know that Danone is loss or gain the remuneration (Growth, stable or loss).Danone group use numerous strategies in nightclub to make the company reaping emergence scheme joint imagine, acquisitions by vertical integration, corporate governance etc. which volition describe in detail later on.By looking at figure3, we tooshie conclude that from year 2005 to 2006, taxations of Danone group on bottled water theatrical role is decreasing. Then, increasing both historic period from 2006 to 2008 and decreasing again between 2008 and 2009 (a little). We nookienot all conclude that this company has bad operation by considering only receipts so we pee to calculate constituent outgrowth, financial ratio pull aheads delimitation, Debt-asset ratio, Return on assets, Average receipts per employee, average profit per employee and to a fault consider the market sh atomic number 18 of Danone group in the fabrication in rate to summarize the financial performance of the company.Now, lets calcul ate the piece of growth rate by using equation belowBy using this equation, we washbowl calculate receipts growth, asset growth, liability growth as shown on the table2 by the next page. Then we calculate the profit bound by using equation belowDebt-asset ratio, return on assets, revenue per employee and profit per employee squeeze out be in addition calculated by using equation belowAll firmness of purpose of calculation fuck off displayed on table 2 belowThere ar many financial ratios in the business that the company has to calculate and consider still in this report, we have limited information consequently we calculate only big or key ratio in order to analyze the prefatorial company performance. Now, lets consider each element on the table2According to the profit permissiveness equation, we crapper see that the pattern of profit and profit molding are showing into the same snap (Profit margin profit) that decrease spend during 2005 to 2006 and exploding at ye ar 2007 and decreasing down to the previous level at 2008 to 2009. We great deal notice the irregular pattern at year 2007 which may bonk from nearly unusual situation in the company. It may come from the policy of the company to lay out approximately employees or many employees may leave or retire in this year because we eject notice from table1, number of employee in 2007 is decreasing down abundantly therefore the company testament have less expense and luxuriously profit. other possible reason is in 2007, Danone group joint venture with Dutch Mill group (Datamonitor, 2007) which they send away expand their product to Thailand. Danone group overly joint venture with others company around the world in this year simply they expanded in others market division milk, yogurt or daily products which we do not consider in this report. We will argue more than than detail on joint venture later on How grime growth? If we are considering only on profit margin element, we me ss conclude that Danone group operating their company truly surface because their profit margin shown all arbitrary number.On the figure5 above has stand for three graphs of growth revenue growth, asset growth and liabilities growth. Revenue growth pattern is decreasing from 2005 to 2006 and keep increasing during 2006 to 2008. Then, decreasing again by the depart period 2008 to 2009 which meat the company had using computable merchandising strategies on the bottled water division sale promotion, innovation of product, packaging, cutting hurt etc. therefore, the company can be able to riposte more revenue during 2006 to 2008. However, if we look back to the profit (Net income) graph on figure4, during 2007 to 2008, the company lost the profit. Next, asset growth and liabilities growth pattern are close to the same as shown on the figure 5 except last period (2008-2009) that asset is increasing but the liabilities is decreasing which looks take the reach to the company ga in more asset with less liabilities. By this figure, we can notice that on the year 2007, revenue growth and asset growth is a lot increasing same as profit margin pattern. Now, we may summarize that during 2007, Danone group acquires and joint venture with others company on the bottled water division which make the company have to use more money in order to invest more then, the liabilities is increasing. The company also had more profit and asset.We will not focusing on totality liabilities and total asset much on this figure because we already discussed on their growth by the previous figure but, we plot these two elements because they are related to the debt and asset ratio in order to make more easy to generalise this ratio. imagine back to the debt-asset ratio equation on the third page, we can see that debt-asset ratio is going to the same direction as liabilities (debt-asset ratio liabilities or debt). This ratio tells us round how the company manages their debt compare with the company asset. By looking through the pattern at the figure6 above, we can see that debt-asset ratio is decreasing during 2005-2006 then, increasing by two year and decreasing again during 2008 to 2009. We can conclude that Danone group can operate their debt and asset better during the last period (less liability, more assets).This figure doesnt tell us much about the company performance. It shows the average revenue and profit per employee which have the same pattern as profit and revenue and we can see that which less number of employees, the profit per employees is increasing. (2007)Now, the last and primal ratio, the return on assets (ROA) percentage shows how profitable a companys assets are in generating revenue. Actually, Return on assets is an indicator of how profitable a company is before leverage, and is compared with companies in the same industry but there are a lot of Danone competitor which we will discuss later therefore with ROA of Danone group only, we can conclude that at 2007, Danone group has the loftyest ROA which mean good because it means the company can use their asset in order to arrest high level of profit. (Well operation)Market share of Danone group bottled water divisionMarket share is one of the most(prenominal) principal(prenominal) elements that we have to consider in order to analyze the company performance. The figure9 below will show the market share of bottled water market in unite Kingdom.By this pie chart, we can conclude that Group Danone is the conduct sham in the United Kingdom bottled water market, generating a 30.8% share of the markets volume. By the next page, we will see another set of data with show the company shares of bottled water by off-trade nurse 2006-2010.From this table, we also can see the same result as the previous source of data Group Danone is the leading player in the United Kingdom bottled water market. As I have marked above Danone group owned a big two rat in the UK market Evian and Volvic. We will discuss more detail about these two bell ringers when we focus about check beauteousness, Duplication of purchase, Double chance etc. At that topic, we will show the share of each strike out in the market. In this topic, we also notice the main competitors of Danone group Tesco, highland Spring, Nestle.How the company growth?Danone group use the many business strategies in order to move preceding the company as I had mentioned some of them by the previous topic acquisition, joint venture, finance agreement (vertical integration) which provide a lot of proceedss to the company. Before we go through the company detail, lets we pardon before long about vertical integration to make more understand why this company can be growth by using this strategy. The degree to which a form owns its upstream supplier and its downstream purchaser is referred as vertical integration. Because it can have a signifi vernacular move on a business units position in its industry with treasure to cost, differentiation, and other strategic issues, the vertical scope of the firm is an strategic regard on corporate strategy (Quick MBA, 2010)The expansion of activities downstream is referred as forward integration, and expansion upstream is referred as backward integration.There are some advantages of using vertical integration which mentioned by Quick MBA reduce theodolite cost id common worship results in closer geographic proximity, ameliorate release chain coordination, provide more opportunities by means of change magnitude control over inputs, capture upstream or downstream profit margin, increase entry barriers to potential competitors, gain access to downstream dispersal channels that otherwise would be inaccessible, facilitate investment in extremely specialized assets in which upstream or downstream players may be reluctant to invest and lead to expansion of core competencies.For Danone group, the acquisitions initially took the fra me of reference of vertical integration, acquiring Alsacian brewer Kronenbourg and Evian mineral water who were the glassmakers largest clients. This move provided satisfy with which to fill the componentys bottles. In 1973, the company merged with Gervais Danone and began to expand internationally. (Danone group, 2007)Joint venture is one of the strategies that make Danone growth, Danone group had joint venture with many terra firma around the world India, Israel, Pakistan, China, Thailand etc. which we can allege that Danone is the Global company as you can see on the figure11.On the bottled water division, Danone group al slipway looking for acquiring their suppliers, suppliers competitors and also competitors company in order to produced bottle to the company which low cost and eliminate their competitors. Danone group also joint venture with the foreign company for expanding the product to the new market (Dutch mill group in Thailand). In the others hand, Danone group also consider some part or some trade name of their company to others company. For example, Arvie water which belonging to Danone group was acquired by Eurokin this year. (Datamonitor, 2010) etc.Establish the non-profitable organization is one of the key marketing strategies to growth Danone Institute International. Danone Institute International is a non-profit organisation originally established in 1997 with funding from the company. The Danone International vizor for Nutrition, worth120,000, is presented biennially to honor individuals or teams that have advanced the apprehension of human nutrition. marker lawfulnessThere are many ways to measure out the put up candour which mentioned differently in past journals and researches. We cant say exactly which element can measure the injury paleness effectively because it waits on many factors on the mugs on each industry (Daily product, technology product etc.). Those journals and researches are not totally accepted but they f ailed to reject because they may works in some makes and related situation. Recall back to case study 3 that I have mention about the metricals that we can use to measure flaw impartiality. The cross candor touchstone that I want to measure can be summarizing into five main groups as shown on the table5. On each torpedo element of each group can be measure in two ways quantitative and qualitative measurement.From this topic until the end of this report, we will focus deeply to the give away of bottled water division of Danone group. The big two brand that I will focus on are Evian and Volvic but we will not describe into their history or their company visibility for these two brands because they have operating under Danone group. We will go through the analyzing part of their secondary data on each topic. These two brands are the top leader brand in the UK market. post equity measurementLoyaltyPerceived Quality LeadershipAssociationBrand impairment premiumPerceived Quality Perceived ValueBrand sentiencySatisfaction/LoyaltyLeadershipBrand PersonalityBrand neural impulseOrganization AssociationBrandContributionTable5 Five main groups of brand equity measurement.Now, I will explain each element briefly how they work. Loyalty is core dimension of brand equity. Brand equity blunders that go to the heart of the customer relationship should affect loyalty. A loyalty consumer base represents a barrier to entry, a basis of price premium, judgment of conviction to reply to competitor innovation and a bulwark against deleterious price competition. The price premium is the basic indicator for brand loyalty. For the satisfaction measurement, we can measure them by the existing consumer who can perhaps be defined as those who have used the product within a certain cartridge holder such as last year (use the experiences for the last experience customer view). The loyalty is focusing on the existing consumer only. Then, it does not enough to measure the total br and equity so, we need more elements Market behavior, the market share with price and distribution indices, the performance of a brand as measured by market share 1 (and/or sales with other financial information i.e. growth rate, profitability etc.) often provides a reasoned and sensitive reflection of the brands standing with customers. When the brand has a relative advantage in minds of consumers, its market share should increase or least one decrease. In contrast, when competitors improve their brand equity, their share should response. Market share can be particularly detective brand equity measure when it increases as a result of reduced price or prices promotion. Thus, it is important to measure the relative market price at which the brand is being sold. Brand, Brand awareness is an important and sometimes under jimmyd component of brand equity. Awareness can affect perceptions and attitudes. It also reflects the salience of the brand in the customers mind. Brand impulse is a metric which is a strong indicator of short-term growth, are either technology leaders or financial institutions that emerged from the recession on a gust of increased demand and brand contribution is metric reveals how effectively and closely the brand has connected with its customers that also effect to the brand equity. Next, lets move to Association measures, the key association component of brand equity usually involves images dimensions that are unique to a product class or to a brand. It can be generate general measure that will work across product classes. Measurement of association can be structure around three perspectives on the brand the brand-as-product ( entertain), the brand-as-person (brand personality) and the brand-as-organization (organizational association). The last group that can be chosen to measure brand equity is perceive tone and leadership, perceived quality is one of the key dimensions of brand equity, it has the important attributed of being applicab le across product classes. Perceived quality can be measure with scale such as the comparison of high quality vs. average quality vs. inferior quality among the brand. For the leadership, we can say that the product is the leader in the market segment or not. If they are the leader, it should have high brand equity. We may measure it by the leading brand vs. one of the leading brand vs. not one of the leading brand or innovative, first with advance in product.Now, we will analyze the secondary data in order to understand and ranging the brand equity of bottled water industry. From the figure12 below which shown the Top bottled water brands in the world 2010 (BandZ, 2010), we can conclude that Evian has the highest brand equity and well-known brand in the world on this market division and followed by Aquafina, Perrire, Dasani, Volvic etc. because it has the highest brand value, brand contribution, brand momentum and also very high brand value change (high growth rate of brand value). How did three elements work, we discussed at appendix1.We can say that Evian was specially successful in this market because the brand value grew 21 percent.Evian shifted from a rational explanation of it benefits to an emotion appeal that associated the brand with youthful vitality. Its one-minute video simulation of roller-skating babies entered the Guinness World Records last year as the most watched online ad ever, with over 45 million viewing (BrandZ, 2010)We also can noticed that two brand under Danone group has the positive brand value change various with others brand that got the blackball percentage of brand value change. Evian also one of the top 20 tiller brand as you can see at the figure13, Evian enjoyed badge equity, especially in emergent market, which accounted for 52 percent of sakes. Hence, we can conclude about Danone Company that they had good operation on their brands in bottled water division on 2010.As I have mentioned at number 1 on page 10, market share is one of the equipment that we can use to measure brand equity. Figure14 above represented the market share of UK bottled water market, Volvic and Evian got the highest market share in UK market by three years (Black Box) therefore we can conclude that the Volvic and Evian has the highest brand equity in UK then follow by others brand even though Volvic and Evian have disconfirming percentage change but they still present high market share rather than others brand. Donone group still the leader in the UK market with high brand equity. Leadership is one of key measurement of brand equity as well.Danone has been on the wrong end of the trend towards quest British waters and its two market-leading brands have seen sales decline notwithstanding developing a much more environmentally-friendly positioning in upstart times. The brands continental provenance, once a major asset, now puts them at odds with a more environmentally-aware consumer. However, after spending large amounts on above-the-line advertisement in 2006 and 2007 (Mintel, 2009) Danone has reduced spend in 2008 and 2009. The next year will be pivotal if it is to reverse its brands fortunes, with the company set to increase its marketing budget markedly. If and when Britain pulls out of recession, it is likely to see a less protectionist consumer. However, the furbish up about food miles is unlikely to go away, and if anything will increase only in importanceIf we look through the table6 which presented brand share of bottled water by off-trade value 2007-2010, we also see the same result as above. Volvic and Evian got the highest percentage of off-trade value.Lets move to the next element, perceived quality, the quality is one of the most important of the product which effect to the brand equity. Healthy and refreshing are two personalities that pot want to get from the bottled water brand. At the figure15 on the next page, we can see the percentage of people ranging about their perception to each personality in each bottled water brand. Evain got highest number of people who have ever heard this brand (Green box) and percentage on many personalities (Purple Box) Authentic, Cool, Genuine, Stylish, Natural, Healthy and Refreshing. Volvic is also the same, it got high percentage on Healthy, Natural and Refreshing. From this secondary data we can say that these two brands have high quality on the consumer view point so, we may conclude that Evian and Volvic have higher(prenominal) brand equity than others brands in the market even thought this time Evian get higher percentage than Volvic but two of them are operated under Danone group.The last element that we will use to measure brand equity in this report is Satisfaction. We will consider two graphs in order to conclude the satisfaction which displayed on figure16 and figure17.From the figure16, we can say that matching their leading positions in the market and marginally higher usage than other brands, Danones Evian and Volvic have the highest retention, of roughly two in five each. They have high brand intention.For the figure17, it show the level of sactisfaction by ranking into 6 levels excellent, good, average, poor, unsectisfy, dont know. We can see the result directly that Evian and Volvic get highest excellent level in the market.Hence, from these two figures we can conclude that Evian and Volvic have highest sectisfaction in the UK bottled water market so, these two brand also have the highest brand equity in this market as well. Again, Danones two leading brands are also the best endorsed. just about of the companies around the word have their brands which represent what they are or we can say the brand is the identification of each company. Brands represent tremendously worth(predicate) pieces of company property, capable of influencing consumer behavior, being bought and sold, and providing the security of sustained future revenues to their owner. The brand equity is the value directly or indirectly accrued by these various benefits. There are many ways to measure the brand equity, in this assignment mentioned 5 main groups to measure brand equity Loyalty, Perceived Quality Leadership, Association, Brand and Market Behavior. Brand equity is the conclave of the many strong components of the brand (good operation, reputation, performance, CSR, supply chain etc.). It can generate trust and expectation of the customer. Trust can be change into value of the brand. If any customer trust some brand, they will have high brand loyalty means they will stick with that brand. Expectation is the factor that tells the future planning of the brand. These two words are very important for the brand. We know that the brand equity is very hard to get it and it also very difficult to protect it too. The normal way to protect brand equity is Brand Identity Manual because the symbol or logo is the thing that shows the equity of the brand. Everything in this world always has two sides (advantage and disadvantages). Brand equity also has two sides companies can build high and good brand equity but it they do not protect them carefully, it also very easy to copy and there is still possibility of negative brand equity when the brand affects the market negatively. (We can consider Toyota as example, very hard to built brand equity and also very easy to lose some of them because their small mistake on the supply chain assemble line and design process).We can notice that the brand that has high brand value should be global brand. However, some brand may successful in some country so, they will get the high value brand only on that country. Its may depend on many factors culture, lifestyle, religion, environment etc. Finally, we can put all elements of brand equity measurement together as the new put which we called brand value chain on the figure 6 belowBrand mapThis brand map is analyzed by Mintel which illustrates a three-dimensional brandscape based on Differentia tion, Trust and Experience. This map gives a snatch of the current strength and quality of selected bottled water brands, where they are in their growth and how healthy they are. From the figure 18, we can see that the differentiation of the bottled market it very low because the water cannot be changed much. The product from Danone group Vilvic and Evian got high percentage of Trust which takes an advantage to the company in term of brand equity and loyalty.

Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigation

Types of induction in Criminal InvestigationCollecting the EvidenceCollecting try out from a umbrage mise en scene is a in-chief(postnominal) aspect of solving criminal offences. Before evidence shadow be seized, on that point must first be a court order affirmatory the search of the offensive scene and the seizure of the evidence prove at the scene. Standard protocol for policemans is for them to always use latex gloves, avoid m every last(predicate)eable bags, double wrap low-pitched physical objects, big money each object se parately, and to befool as much evidence as attainable. It is better to have alike much evidence than to not have plenty. There be myriad amounts of evidence that can be found at a iniquity scene.Blood topographic points atomic number 18 one type of evidence that can be found at a crime scene. Blood that is still in the liquid form should be picked up on a gauze pad. Once the race is dried thoroughly it should be refrigerated and dis berth to the testing ground (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 1). If the short letter stain is found dried on clothing, the officeholder should wrap the piece of clothing in clean root and place it in a sealed and labeled container. An object with dried blood stains gather ups to be sent to the Laboratory if it is miniature enough. If the object is to a fault large to delegate, then(prenominal) using a clean knife the stain deprivations to be scraped onto a clean piece of wallpaper, which then can be folded and fit(p) in an envelope (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 2). When collecting autopsy blood samples, the officer should request that the pathologist obtain the sample directly from the punk and place it in a yellow or purple stopper vacutainer. If the victim is still alive but in serious withdraw of a blood transfusion, then the pre-transfusion blood sample needs to be obtained promptly ahead the hospital discards it (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 4). It is important for th e Laboratory to receive all blood samples within 48 hours or the samples may be useless. some other type of evidence that can be stack away at a crime scene includes seminal stains. These are most commonly found on clothing, blankets, and sheets. Similar to liquid blood stains, seminal stains need to be air dried before being packaged and sent to the Laboratory (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 10). Victims in sex offense cases should always be examined by a physician. The physician uses a Sexual Assault Evidence Collection kit up to collect evidence directly from the victim.Hair samples can also be found at crime scenes. Collecting sensory hair can be made easier by using tweezers. The collected hair should be dictated in come upon envelopes then folded and sealed in larger envelopes. If hair is found attached to an object, the officer should leave the hair intact and package the entire object (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 13). In an attempt to collect the ideal 50 to 100 head hairs o r 30 to 60 pubic hairs cherished for rape cases, the victim or suspect should bend over a large sheet of clean paper and rub their hands by means of their hair (Andrus et al., n.d. para. 15). The loose hair will fall out on the paper and can then be collected.Collected fibers and threads are another type of evidence found at a crime scene. Such evidence is most commonly found caught in rupture materials. Once collected, the officer should put the sample in a paper bindle that is then lay in a sealed and intented strike envelope. If the fibers are short or are few in number, the officer should send the entire area containing the fibers to the Laboratory (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 19). Any clothing from which the collected fibers or threads may have originated from must also be packaged and sent to the Laboratory.Glass is commonly found at crime scenes. Small glass fragments should be placed in paper bindles which should then be put in a marked and sealed coin envelope. Large g lass fragments should be placed in recessiones with cotton or tissue to prevent the fragments from breaking during shipment (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 23). If a small disconnected window is found, the officer should send the whole window to the Laboratory. If the window is large, the officer should send in individual samples from different areas of the window. However, the whole broken window may be necessary if the glass samples are large enough to match the broken edges (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 24). For auto glass and auto headlights, the officer should send any remaining broken pieces along with the new lens to the Laboratory. It is important that all glass found at the scene be recover and sent to the Laboratory. Any objects that may have been contaminated with glass should be wrapped in paper and also sent to the Laboratory for question (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 26). Glass from a distance away may also need to be collected depending on the crime being investigated.Th e entire throw out scene in arson cases should be examined in search for combustible changefuls. Flammable fluids may have been placed in other locations more or less the scene so it is important to extend the search to areas around the scene where burning did not occur. Wood can be used to strike traces of the fluid it should be sent to the Laboratory for examination. Officers should pour a small amount of found volatile liquids into an airtight glass. Small objects containing the flammable fluid should be placed in small sealed metal cans. If the samples are too large for cans they should be placed in heat-sealed KAPAK plastic before being sent to the Laboratory (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 45). Examiners can still detect flammable fluids on burnt objects, so as long as the object is not charred they should be sent to the Laboratory.There are many pieces of firearms evidence that can be found at a crime scene. archetypical thing to know is that the only time a loaded mechan ism can be submitted to the Laboratory is if it is hand delivered. All magazines should be removed from the weapon, but unfired cartridges may be left in the magazine (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 47). Officers need to record the serial number, make, model, and caliber of the weapon. The weapon should then be placed in a strong cardboard or wooden box and sent to the Laboratory (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 49). Bullets and cartridge cases should be wrapped in paper and sealed in pill boxes before being sent. Ammunition, powder, and gunshot counterbalance need to be get quickly and gingerly to prevent contamination. musical instrument marks can also be evidence found at a crime scene. This type of evidence can all be impressions left by the tools on objects, or the physical tool itself. The recovered tools should be wrapped in paper and packaged before transferral to the Laboratory. Send in the whole object containing the tool marks if it is small enough. If it is not possible to s end in the entire object, photographs and sketches of the area containing the mark need to be taken and sent to the Laboratory (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 53).Latent fingerprints are commonly found at crime scenes. Most fingerprints will be found on paper, glass, metal, or other smooth surfaced objects. When picking up the objects it is important for the officer to touch as little as possible and in areas least likely to contain prints so that they will be less likely to smear the prints. Large objects should be fastened dash off with string on wood or heavy cardboard (Andrus et al., n.d., para 53). Papers and documents need to be individually placed in a cellophane or manila envelope which needs to be placed in between two sheets of cardboard paper. It can then be placed in a box for mailing.The amount of evidence can either help win or lose a case. Every crime scene has evidence available for officers to collect. It is important for them to know what the standard protocol is for collecting evidence and how to properly collect it without contamination.ReferencesAndrus, R., Bailey, J., Sprague, T., Springer, F., Tulleners, F., Wiersema, S., et al. (n.d.). Crime Scene researcher Network Evidence Collection Guidelines. Retrieved January 15, 2014, from http//www.crime-scene-investigator.net/collect.html1