Subsidies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Subsidies - Essay ExampleBoth direct and indirect payments great deal be part of an scotch support package. In the literature of economics, subsidies have been criticized for distortions and for wasting state or government resources. However, the criticisms from economics have not deterred states from providing subsidies. Some of the state or government policies may be responding to political expediency or convenience and this may be the reason why the criticisms from economics on subsidies have been failing to deter states and government from providing subsidies. Further, it is also possible that considerations other than economics have been ascertain state and government attitudes towards subsidies. For example, it is possible that national security stern be invoked to defend a subsidy even if the literature of economics covers public goods in which issues of national security are included.Economic winners and losers in the reinvigorated food waste facility. The economic wi nners in the subsidy include those in the supply chain of the new garbage facility. This means that the new garbage facility and their suppliers will benefit from the subsidy. Of course, the industry to which the new garbage facility will input into will also benefit from the subsidy. The economic losers in the subsidy can include the firms in the more developed part of the city. Although, the city government may not be likely exacting new payments from the said firms, it is possible that they can end up as economic losers just the same based on lost opportunities. However, they may not end up losers if the economic subsidy is just enough to compensate for the lack of profitability in the less developed demesne of the city. Citizens who will be living in the less developed city can be considered as winners in the subsidy because they will be able to avoid the possible discomfort without the subsidy. At the

Base on reading of the Bunraku play chushingura Essay

Base on drill of the Bunraku play chushingura - Essay ExampleThe play entails several sub-plots and elements, but it primarily emphasizes on the notions of honor and commitment that pervaded the Japanese society and the play primarily focuses on these traits as the main theme. The protagonist of the play is Yuranosuke, who is the oral sex retainer of Hangans household and wants to fulfill his outdos dying wish to avenge him. Yuranosuke is back up by a band of retainers, who have sworn solelyegiance to him and go to severe extremes to help him follow up his mission Kampei is one of the most notable retainers, who is unable to make any substantial contribution to the black lotion plot, but his devotion to Hangan still moves all the other retainers to include him in the list. Yuranosukes loyalty to his master is exhibited through his undying resolve to exact revenge on Morono. Even though, a vendetta in Tokugawa Japan is punishable by rite suicide, but the retainers remain reso lute under Yuranosuke. They are found to lay down their lives for their Master Hangan, which is a sure sign of their loyalty. Moments before Hangan is ordered to commit Seppuku ritual suicide, he asks Yuranosuke, to cook his dagger after his death, which clearly indicates his wish to be avenged. Yuranosuke, who is both aggrieved and determined to take revenge upon his masters tormentor, licks the blood mangle his masters dagger this act to video display his dedication to the cause (p. 23). He gathers all the other retainers, who are devoted to cause and secretly starts slay the vendetta. The vendetta is a secret mission therefore he takes every measure to protect it from Morono, who was already suspicious of it. The strength of Yuranosukes resolve to proceed with the assassination is very clear as he is willing to do anything to prevent his plan from getting compromised. He even eats fish on his masters death anniversary which is considered to be a great religious taboo, but h e breaks it just so he could protect his masters last wish. After their masters death, the retainers were left without a leader and Yuranosuke, being the chief retainer in Hangans household gained the leadership by default. All his fellow retainers were quite dedicated to him and had they not sworn complete allegiance to him, they would not have been able to bring their plans to fruition. The case of the merchant in the play further underscores the lots loyalty to Yuranosuke the merchant had been supplying them with weapons in order to help them with the plot. The merchant had sent his wife off to live with her parents in order to prevent her from finding out about the plan, but in so doing he earned the ire of his father-in-law, who wanted her daughter to marry someone of wealth and constantly pressure the merchant to divorce her. Upon seeing his ordeal, Yuranosuke intervenes and cuts off the womans lock and prevents her remarriage. This trait is reflected in all of Hangans retai ners, particularly Kampei as well. He suffers from a lingering guilt for he had abandoned his rank in order to meet his lover, with whom he had scheduled daily trysts and when Hangan was being provoked into drawing his sword, he had been with his lover all this while. As a result, Kampei always felt guilty and responsible for his master

CIPD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CIPD - canvas ExampleINTERNAL FACTORS 1- DISCIPLINE AND GRIEVANCES Discipline and grievances ar the guidelines that are incorporated in the comp whatevers policy and take on a great significance in shaping the behavior of employees in the company. These guidelines are the rules that teach the individual about the companys culture or way of conducting operations. Policies design the organise and that structure shapes the behavior of individuals in the company. (CIPD, 2013a). The law facilitates the resolution of the grievances and maintenance of the discipline conducts. For example, Employment Relations sham provides the opportunity for the resolution of the personal grievances and other options are also present by law for traffic with issues. Importantly, for maintaining effective relationship since the start of the employment relationship everyone the scheme is required to behave in dependable faith. Additionally, simple measures of developing contract and informing rights along with responsibilities etc save the ER from being affected by grievances and result in maintenance of the discipline (MBIE, 2013). 2- EQUAL PAY Equal pay should be devoted to some(prenominal) men and women for the same job. None of the employer is allowed make biasness in giving equal salary or wages to men and women. Another perspective to analyze the injustice in equal pay is the equation of pay with the grocery store wage rate. If the company is paying low wage rate then it leave alone negatively affect the employment relationship. (CIPD, 2013d). The law mandates employers to develop their pay structures in accordance to the Equal deliver Act. For the effective implementation and adoption Code of Practice and Equality Human Rights Commission (EHRC) is also available. such facilitation by law results in the bridging of gap between the employees and employee on wage bargaining as things are determined by law and not by the personal consideration of employers (CIPD, 2014 a). EXTERNAL FACTORS LAW insurance and law on the state level is one of the most important factors that drive the sedulousness market and human resources management at the organizations. State laws are incrementally concerned for taking up measures that in overturn contribute in the national treasury. On the other hand, the state laws are also required to fasten the societal balance. These factors and their impact are also reflected in the laws regulating the labor market. Every year several(a) developments in the laws are made in order to achieve the right balance between the country, exchequer and the employees and employers. All these also impact the employee relationship as the any burden of tax or any other contribution that state requires from the organizations results in squeezing the benefit that would have otherwise been used to flip ones lid the employee benefit. For example, Governments Employment Law Review for allow greater flexibility in the labor market (CIPD, 2 014b).Increasing flexibility for the labor market will contribute effectiveness for the two parties as both will be able to contribute their best with comfort working zone. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Economic conditions have a significant impact on the relationship of employer and employee. If the economy is moving towards growth then the organization would possibly follow the same trend and it economy goes downwards then the organizations would possibly go with the sparing trend. In affect from such economic factor

Healthcare Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare Management - Essay Examplesponse to the impacts of the recession in that it targeted on economic system and mobilizing creation of jobs in all sectors era also providing temporary assistance to people directly touched by the recession. Through the Act, people invested heavily in the healthcare sector thereby creating jobs and consequently booster cable to an improvement in the industry. The Act also compelled the Federal government to spend directly in the healthcare sector among several critical others such as education and energy.This is an award that was set up by the Congress in an attempt to raise awareness about the need for US companies to focus on quality direction. The award is thus given to the companies that have observed and successfully implemented these quality management terms and systems. The awards are given to companies in several industries, among them being the healthcare sector. The award system has especially been influential in facilitating impr ovement in the healthcare industry with notable areas of improvement being seen in the leadership, customer focus and human resource management and development.The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) made a ruling on the implementation of this program which is the last Medicare pay-for-performance initiatives. Through this program, hospitals which perform poorly in reducing conditions and complications that patients acquire while undergoing treatment (secondary diagnosis), will have their inpatient payments funded by Medicare reduced. This ruling is meant to send a word of wariness to hospitals on the need to improve their services and consequently lead to improved healthcare.It is expected that about 80 million Americans will be retiring within the next 20 years, which means that admit for radical care and other healthcare workforce will shoot drastically. This is, therefore, expected to prompt a demand for healthcare related employment opportunities thereby attract ing more enrollment in education programs such as

Automotive company future marketing ideas Assignment

Automotive company upcoming selling ideas - Assignment Exampleuction of smaller and to a greater extent than fuel efficient vehicles as opposed to continuing with the issue of bigger cable cars which argon more profitable and make a conclusion at the end.Vehicle fictionalization economics debates generally agree that sports utility vehicles and pickups are more profitable than the smaller but more efficient cars. Moving away from the traditionally profitable big vehicles segment to smaller cars is on opus not a very skillful idea especially with the automotive industry just recover from a global slump. The marginal cost pricing principle states that the market cost of a good equals its marginal cost which implies the gross margin accruing from every product is zero (Bernanke, 2004). The reason SUVs are priced high and so more profitable is because companies want to meet their corporate average fuel economy (CAF) targets by selling smaller cars. This enables them sell one bigger car for every small car and so they can accept lower margins of profit for small cars (Kwak, 2009). Selling smaller cars therefore would still allot for profitability if bigger cars are reduced. The other reason why the strategy is good is that small cars are bought usually by younger first base time buyers and so selling them a small car cheaply will tie them to come and buy a bigger car in the future say when they are into their mid thirties of early forties. Smaller cars have a lower price and therefore are likely to have more buyers than the big more expensive cars especially for first time buyers. Higher volume sales will offset the lower profit margins in selling smaller cars. With high energy prices and environmental awareness, consumers in the future will prefer smaller more efficient cars that are environmentally friendly (Rush lane, 2011). Smaller cars are also easier to sharpen in traffic and when parking especially with growing congestion in urban areas and ma ny more cars getting on the road. Smaller cars are also considered easier to handle when driving and

The Honor of Fuente Ovenjuna Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Honor of Fuente Ovenjuna - Essay ExampleContent analysis of responses revealed systematic differences in the ethnical proto sheaths of pride and shame these differences can be seen as reflecting the influence of individualistic versus prise-based values on the means in which self-conscious emotions are conceptualized. (Fischer)The focus on the traditional values of respect to royalty and honor of women has been a part of the Spanish tradition and much of traditional Spanish literature uses honor-related themes as a conspicuous backdrop, even if in a diluted form in modern Spanish Drama. jog de Vegas consort Fuente Ovenjuna, written sometime among 1612 and 1614 portrays the conflict of these values as interpreted by the various strata of the social structure. This p invest not only structures itself around the play of pride, anger and shame between the hoi-polloi and the riff-raff, but allows the reader to take a macro view of the use of these emotions by the characters to pro ject their perceive of ethics and morality and thus, safeguard their own honor.According to Alix Inger in What is an honor play?, an honor play essentially deals with the theme of conjugal honor that is, the respect of a man threatened by the doings of his wife. However, in the Golden Age, the preoccupation with conjugal honor came to acquire newer dimensions and the subject acquired larger proportions. Now, conflict of the type lay not only in gender but also in class, age, allegiance and a collective psyche. While one may largely agree with Ingers inference of such knowledge it is pertinent to remark that in Fuenteovejuna, no matter where the conflict lay the perpetration and the resolution of honor-conflicts lay mostly with the female protagonist of the play.As ascribed in the paper Courtesy, Altruism and Honor, there is a direct correlation between the interpretation of honor and the issues of courtesy, opinion, authority and respect. Whether it is the Comendadors use of the age-advantage

Journal #8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal 8 - Essay ExampleThese decisions are very fundamental to the carriage these players score goals. A neuroscientist from the Karolinska Institute, Sweden, argues that the process of scoring top goals by these players entails working with information quickly, and making unblemished and timely decisions about the situation (Bhanoo 1).Researchers have also proved that more brain power mountain be seen in top soccer scorers by conducting standardized tests on different players. These tests were meant to assess and infer rule making skills, creativity, and problem solving skills. The people who scores highest were the Swedish soccer players who belong to rough of the most elite leagues. Players belonging to lower divisions followed. The non-players that underwent the test finished behind the top players and the players of lower divisions. The differences were notably huge. This led to the conclusion that strong brain executive functions are necessary for one to become a good pl ayer (Bhanoo 1).Bhanoo, Sindya A. More Brain Power Seen in Soccers Top Scorers. The naked York Times 9 Apr. 2012. Web. 12 Apr. 2012.

Social & Emotional Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social & Emotional experience - Essay Examplerelationships with employees, helping them to maintain healthy interpersonal relationship with each other and this call up for self-awareness and awareness of others. Self-awareness ameliorates virtuosos self-esteem and thus a weak SEI competency allow for translate to low self-esteem, and this pull up stakes compromise the duties of the manager. Managers play the role of a leader and workers lookup to them for guidance and on issues such as solving disputes. Low self-awareness will distort ones managerial skills (Sterrett 41).There is a fill for self-evaluation to maintain self-awareness both on a social and emotional level to improve the SEI competency. Empathy plays a indispensable role when it comes to maintaining a good relation with others working on the emphatic nature and communication skills will boost self-awareness competency. Gaining emotional intelligence by managing self will improve the relationship formed with others since one will know how to react with others. By improving self-awareness, and individual will be able to improve the relations with others, and the chances of conflicting will be minimal, which lead to to a good working environment for everyone (Hughes, Patterson and Terrell

The value of using the writing process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The value of using the pen care for - Essay ExampleThe value placed on authorship and reading arises out of the single(a)s shared need to become literate which is an crucial function in the culture and the society. It is life-or-death for the writers to generate quality works (Kamehameha Schools, 2007). The value of the writing process is that it requires us to think critically, reflect on our experiences, and examine what is outstanding to us as individuals. Through the natural process of examination and self-reflection, we begin to turn around ourselves more clearly. The writing process has proved to be valuable for both personal and professional growth. sound writing process starts with the pre-writing process.When conducting question to form ideas, it is important for the individual to obtain credible academic sources, prize opinions, beliefs and biases as relevant to the sources, consider his or her listening, and brainstorm the information gathered. Capella Universit y (2007) states that it is important for the individual to pass on track of all the sources and bibliographic information that will be applied in the writing. It is important that the audience be analyzed appropriately in order to meet their expectations. The writer should think hard intimately the person who will read his piece and what they expect to accomplish from it (Goddard and Hatcher, 2005). To brainstorm the ideas gathered, the individuals should write those ideas in phrases and defy the desire to brighten any changes or corrections (Capella University, 2007 Bovee and Thill, 2007). Developing a draft is crucial for research and organizing ideas. Most people have issues with their drafts because they either overvalue it or undervalue it. After organizing the orchestrates, one dissolve go ahead and begin the draft (Goddard and Hatcher, 2005). Paraphrase the information gathered by presenting it comprehensively, but make sure that the information is rewritten in own word s. Paragraphs with similar ideas should be structured together. Each first meter of the paragraph should be taken as the topic sentence or a mini-main idea (Capella University, 2007). It is important to share the drafts with others and to determine clarity of the points given. An important component of the writing process is revising and editing. The step entails king-size changes only. In the revising process, delete or move segments that are in the wrong place or unnecessary, and mark the sections where you have omitted something crucial or where you need to support or expand a point (Goddard and Hatcher, 2005). It is also crucial to consider effective synonyms and ensure that thoughts and sentences are complete. This ensures that the phrases or words flow in a logical manner. During editing, one should work on things like word choice, spelling, punctuation, grammar, and sentence structure. In this process, it is important to find someone worthy to read and comment on the piece of writing. One can make believe a good mutual-aid group who can assist in proofreading the work and making suggestions(Goddard and Hatcher, 2005). The writing process is applicable in all writing to grow and self-respect. Writing skills will assist individuals to succeed in any setting whether academic, professional or personal. In the professional setting, the writing process enhances basic and enlarge written communication skills (Bovee and Thill, 2007). Confidence is increased by good writing pieces. Confidence leads to greater triumph and the pride in own writing initiates the process of self-reflection. Writing is an important learning process because writing skills involve creativity, and informed writing improves knowledge. The knowledge gained is applied to daily interactions. Fitzgerald, Graham, and MacArthur (2008) state that the writing proce

Racin way Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Racin way - Essay Example2. Is the lieutenant sheriff in compliance with the character-of- suck insurance policy? Defend your answer. The answer to whether the deputy is in overall compliance with the use of force policy is passing nuanced and can non be answered with a simple yes or no. Firstly, due to the aggravating circumstances and inappropriate actions that the deputy took as a means to exacerbate the situation, the use-of force policy is further complicated with the fact that no mention of when to use the taser was referenced (Johnson 2011). Rather, the deputy has clearly abrogated the rules by using a less-than lethal gimmick for which he was not specifically trained. However, ignoring the other wrong doings, it would appear that imminent officer harm was something that the deputy was faced with. As such, discharging his side arm as a means of firing warning shots at the ground was justified. However, due to the extenuating circumstances and the clear ignorance or disrega rd the deputy showed for the other use-of force policies greatly jeopardizes the sheriff surgical incisions case in this matter. 3. Should the lieutenant end Ripleys pursuit? Explain. ... due to this fact alone, a clear felony has been committed. As such, according to the departmental policies that nourish been enumerated upon, the deputy and the lieutenant as well as the department are justified in seeking to pursue the criminal. 4. Should the deputy have fired warning shots under these circumstances? Why or why not? With regards to whether or not the deputy should have fired shots, the answer is a resounding yes. Due to the fact that the deputies life was in danger he was well within his rights to fire shots and alert the suspect that the actions that he/she were taking were move him/her in danger of their life and in clear violation of the law. 5. Assume that the people who were in the place vehicle lodge a mission because of Ripleys actions with the dog, the warning shot, a nd the Taser what kinds of policies and procedures normally cover Ripleys actions? Would your familiar Affairs Unit find that the deputy was at fault with any of them? Which of the deputys actions do you as sheriff feel should result in disciplinary action against Ripley? Why or why not? The unfortunate fact of the matter is that even if the suspect/suspects are proven guilty of seeking to spoil arrest, charging the officer/attempted vehicular manslaughter, they would still be able to lodge a valid complaint to the Internal Affiars Unit and find the deputy at fault for not following a litany of procedures involving use of an wildcat dog while on patrol, over-aggressive tactics, and the unauthorized use of a taser. In this manner, the use of the unauthorized police dog and the unauthorized and untrained use of a taser should be disciplined by the department as clear abrogation of the training procedure and rules of conduct that bind every officer

Demand and Stores Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Demand and Stores - Coursework fountTherefore, the average daily demand during take place time is equal to L ? AVG. The safety stock is rigid scientifically and is applied with the average daily demand during lead time to ensure that there is an nice supply of scrutinise is in stores to counteract a loss of sale due to stock-out. The safety stock, which is the stripped-down train to which stock is pass judgment to fall, is represented by the formula z ? STD ? vL It is expected that inventory al let loose fall to this minimum level just before the found for Q is acquire. Immediately after the order for Q units is current the inventory will return to its maximum level but will be depleted over time based on the average daily demand (AVG). The reorder level depends on AVG which is reviewed continuously. When Q units be added to the safety stock the maximum inventory level is achieved. This inventory is depleted over time. Therefore, it is expected that the expected level of inventory before receiving the order is z ? STD ? vL While the expected level of inventory straightway after receiving the order is Q + z ? STD ? vL Solution to Question 2 The periodic review inventory alternate policy requires that inventory be reviewed periodically at regular detachments and that an appropriate quantity is ordered so as to achieve the base stock level after each review. This level of inventory should be sufficient to cover demand during the review period (r) and the lead time (L), in order to prevent stock out before the next order arrives. This implies that the base-stock level includes the average demand during the combined interval of r + L which is (r + L) ? AVG as well as the safety stock which is calculated as z ? STD ? v(r+ L) According to Simchi-Levi et al (2008), the maximum inventory level is reached immediately after receiving an order while the minimum level of inventory is reached just before receiving the order. It is therefore very clear that the expected level of inventory after receiving an order is equal to r ? AVG + z ? STD ? v(r+ L) while, the level of inventory immediately before order arrives is z ? STD ? v(r+ L) which is the safety stock. Solution to Question 3 The target attend to level defines the percentage of orders received that must be filled. A good criterion that can be used is price. The five products that I sell in my department store argon shoes, clothes, appliances, furniture, and food items. In order of target service level from lowest to highest they will be listed as follows Furniture more costly than all opposite items, bring in boundary line is low, volume is relatively low, demand variability and lead time is high. Appliances less expensive than furniture but tend to be more expensive than all other items, profit margin is high compared to furniture, volume medium range, while both demand variability and lead time is relatively high Foot-wear the profit margin is high, volume relativel y high, demand variability is not as low as with clothes, and lead time is not as low as with clothes Clothes the profit margin is high, volume relatively high, demand variability is also relatively low while lead time may not be as low as with food items. Food items they are cheaper than all other items the profit margin tend to be low but turnover swan and volume is high, both demand variability and lead time is generally low. According to Simchi-Levi (2008) the service level is generally higher for products with high profit margin, high volume, low variability

Ethical Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical - Case Study ExampleEthical dilemmas often issuing from matters of law, health science field and stands of different individuals and organizations on issues related to human morals. The church, especially the Catholic has created a great deal of controversies on condom use as maven way of limiting stilt the spread of HIV/Aids pandemic. This has not been taken well by the greater world community.A dilemma faced by the elderly and the sick individuals in the society is a choice to control a fruitful life free from negligence. This does not sp ar the healthy individuals who find themselves at cross-roads when one of their loved ones falls sick or ages. There is a conflict between the code of ethical motive depicted by workers concerning a patients privacy and the issue of solving the problem they are facing (Kathleen & James, 2007). The reporting of the case concerning Mr Bert to the administration violated the code of confidentiality. She ended up breaking Stevens confidenc e in her as well as giving out information on the patient. The workers in health facilities have codes to observe in the line of their

Crisis Management Speech Manuscript Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crisis Management Speech Manuscript - Assignment ExampleGood and profitable lessons were drawn from this incident in the Sacks store. I hope such incidents will even bring any(prenominal) benefits to the company as they will improve the service at the store. Ms. Ryder has already admitted that it was a serious and classic experience in her life which eventually brought her to the new level of her development.1Therefore, I am going to set up you with all the information you need to know regarding this incident. Ms. Ryder came to Saks store on 12th December where she was a fifty-fifty customer in order to purchase some clothes. However, her shopping went the wrong way and soon she was grabbing more(prenominal) and more clothes piling them in her arms, as it is seen on the video from cameras2. Allegedly Ms. Ryder went to the changing entourage where she was cutting of the tags with prices with the help of scissors. However, this information was only available from the words of the guards since there are no cameras in changing rooms. Ms. Ryder on her part denied this accusation, and it is hardly possible to determine what happened exactly in this couple of proceeding in the cubicles. Later M. Ryder did paid for the part of her clothes while she was stopped with the rest of her unpaid things by the guard. She looked confused and asked whether her assistant had paid for these items.3Totally there were 20 things that were not paid by Ms. Ryder and that could be considered stolen. The total price exceeded $1, 595. It is necessary to mention that Ms. Ryder did not resist accusations of the guard. She was cooperative and apologetic with the guards of Saks. Thus, I say making some concrete conclusions regarding the motivation of her actions is wrong because the case is complicated.There have been many questions of why did she do it? and How is it possible to trust her after this? which can be answered. Ms. Ryder apologized for her behavior and

Economy and Pleasure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

parsimoniousness and Pleasure - Essay ExampleThis new social division - between a class of winners and a class of losers - is very different from other social divisions that have separated i class of citizens from another. For example, other social divisions are weakened - at least to an extent - by religious and social doctrines requiring that the strong help the weak. Unlike these social divisions, competitive economy does not offer all such instruction. Losers, as defined by the author, are those people with which no one knows what to do.The author views these as cornerstone ideals within frugal competition, and as such describes them as destructive, unnatural, and limitless. Additionally, another danger exists in the anarchical free-for-all economy such as competition unlimited economic competitiveness proposes an unlimited ingress of economic power. Essentially, by allowing competition to continue without limits, the social group of winners will eventually shrink temporar y hookup the class of losers continually grows. This growth will eventually place too much power and economic strength into the hands of too few. The author lists several examples of this already happening as land is creation taken away from families, universities, and other homesteads in the interest of growing new industries and technology.Finally, the author moves on to the differences in pleasures when compared to their economic cost or benefit. Essentially, the nation works similarly to its citizens there are different levels of wants and desires - or pleasures - that the nation considers acquiring. Just as a person would carefully weigh the cost against the benefit when considering a new pleasure the nation often considers the same cost vs. benefit ration.Two EconomiesTo begin, an anecdote explains the background and large scale involvement that the economy mustiness entail although the author distressingly chose the term The domain of God to exemplify this scale, the aut hor successfully explained his position. The scope of the economy must be comprehensive affluent to include everything, both believers and non-believers, regardless of their level of understanding or acknowledgement, and with the acceptance that trying to violate the enounce of such an institution will result in absolute and severe penalties. The term keen Economy was finally settled on with the same purpose to try and exemplify the scope with which the reader must recognize as being encompassed by the economy. In contrast, Human Economy is not as large-scale. Rather, humankind economy is smaller and more focused on the definitions and values of human goods. The largest difference between the Great Economy and the Human Economy is that the Great Economy can earn and supply value, but cannot constitute or appraise such value. Human Economy can identify and appraise value, but cannot create value. Value originates within the Great Economy, and is then added to, evaluated, identif ied, and measured within the Human Economy. The onset of inflation and poor economy is a direct result of Humans claiming the ability to create value.According to the author, a popular word of the industrial

Globalisation and Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Globalisation and Democracy - Essay ExampleThere is no doubt that since the nineties of XX century, the term planetaryization has become the some prevalent in the global politics and governmental science. There is no need to d healthful on those objective preconditions, which caused the appearance of the inclined term. Suffice it to list only the most significant ones. They are the growing internationalization of markets of goods and services, as well as the growth of financial interdependence between countries and regions, and uniformization of political regimes on the basis of the almost global acceptance of democratic governance and the associated incidence of common culture (mass culture) models and patterns of consumption, and hitherto unprecedented using of informatization and communication, allowing to overthrow the spatial and temporal boundaries between people, nations and states. With all the objective fullness of the given concept, which does not allow to doubt the existence and development of this process in the modern world, its rationale, interpretation and prediction in global political science, there is quite strong subjective beginning in it. It is connected on the one hand, with everyones inherent striving to simplify and speed up all the positive phenomena of reality in state to have time to enjoy their outcomes during lifetime. On the other hand, such subjectivity in the interpretation of globalisation is associated with the exploitation of peoples natural psychological needs by worldwide mass media in order to ensure the individual interests of certain groups of countries, united by such concept as demonstrable. As a rule, political observers tend to perceive a certain inferiority of post-totalitarian countries democratic systems, their non-conformity to occidental standards, due to their communist past. Certainly, the development of democracy in post-communist countries, where historical continuity and even cultural impost wer e distorted by more than 70-year period of revolution and state violence, has its own characteristic shortcomings. Liberalization of the economic system in post-communist countries failed to provide a deep structure of property relations (as in Poland or Hungary), as well as led to a huge social stratification of society on the forgetful and the rich (when the income gap reaches a ratio of 150). This situation is fraught with social and political instability, and, most importantly, it absolutely falls out of the context of European democracy. Those phenomena that are considered to be an unfortunate results of economic repose in developed Western countries and its unavoidable costs, serve as the norm for the post-communist countries, almost as a brand name of democracy. In reality, such increased economic inequality (with a concentration of wealthiness and power in the hands of a small group of oligarchs) constitutes a menace to democratic development and is an attributive sign o f third world countries. In accordance with a majority of sociological researches, globalization and informatization lead not only to the internationalization and intensify interaction between different countries and civilizations, but at the same time cause various kinds of crises in less developed countries and regions. (Jagdish Bhagwati 2004). These trends, previously outlined by Samuel Huntington in his article The Clash of

The Jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights Case Study

The Jurisdiction of the European coquet of Human Rights - Case say ExampleArticle 10 was onlyeged by the applicants as a ground for their action, as a matter of course, in view of the fact that the target of the attack was a media entity. Article 10 lays nap the dictum that e truly person is entitled to the freedom to express or to speak out his look albeit the same may be restrained according to the limitations which statutes of the catching States prescribe. Lastly, Article 13 of the Convention mandates that those whose rights and liberties atomic number 18 violated or encroached upon under the provisions of the Convention must be afforded an effective remedy or relief even if the perpetrators have acted in an official capacity. (European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. COUNCIL OF EUROPE. European Treaties. Press for Change internet). The focal issue in this discussion is the statement of the speak to which declares that it is the obligation of the Cour t to consider the special character of the Convention pertaining to its role in the maintenance of European public fix up for the purpose of protecting persons or individuals. It also points out that the Convention has been covenanted to ensure that the engagements undertaken by the High Contracting Parties, meaning the treaty signatories, are observed. The latter principle is evident in the setting up of the European Commission of Human Rights and of the Court, both specified in Article 19 of the Convention. Since the principal matter which was fixed by the Court refers to the admissibility of the application, the arguments and debate presented in this treatise leave center on that question. Some comments and opinions from literary sources willing be considered for inclusion here. The Convention It is necessary to have have sexledge of the history of the Convention in assessing the case... With all the foregoing backdrops, this essay will proceed to the questions of who are th e people covered by the Convention and what cases does it cover. It will finally likewise be queried as to when the Convention applies. In short, there is a need to know what circumstances are embraced under the operation of the Convention. In the legal sense, the inquiry has to be directed into the legal power of the Court which the Convention had created. Stated in another way, it has to be determined when, where and over whom does the Court mold its judicial powers under the Convention in conjunction with the rules and principles of international law. Article 1 of the Convention is very specific. It provides that the signatories to the treaty are under obligation to secure to all the people within their jurisdiction the rights and freedoms enumerated in Section 1 of the Convention. Were the applicants covered as persons within the jurisdiction of the High Contracting Parties when the bombardment of the radio-television net income was carried out? The answer is definitely in the negative. They were not. During the time of the bombing of the Radio-Television Serbia headquarters, Bankovi and his co-applicants and their deceased relatives, Serbia was not a fraction of the Convention and, therefore, they were not within the reach of the jurisdiction of the Court. The bombing party, NATO, was also found by the Court as not having Serbia within its (NATOs) effective control or that of its members.

Tragedy in Death of a Salesman Essay Example for Free

catastrophe in Death of a Salesman EssayArthur Miller depicts a salesman, named Willy Loman in the crook Death of a Salesman. Faced with hardships and troubles, Willy maneuvers in ways that cause his unfortunate outcome. In the tragedy, Death of a Salesman, the main ace Willy Lomans fatal flaws were his unrelenting pride and his inability to face reality, which ultimately direct to his demise. This novel is a tale well-nigh the tragedy that was the life of Willy Loman. A tragedy is a serious drama that depicts a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force such as which ends up with disastrous consequences that elicits pity. (Merriam Webster) Death of a Salesman is a tragedy because the main protagonist is a man make full with unrealistic hopes and dreams that lead to his demise. Although the story portrays a tragedy, I believe Willy Loman attempted to find optimism in defeat. By translation, a tragic hero is a great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy th at is destined for consumefall, suffering, or defeat. (Dictionary.com) Willys life resembled that of a tragic hero, he was not one by definition because there was nothing great or virtuous about him.He was an average person who lived a tragic life. As one critic suggests, Willy Loman is too far down the social scale to be considered a classical tragic hero he represents the average man. We claim that he made mistakes just like any different human being. In fact, one of the mistakes he made changed the very way he lived his life and perceived himself. In the set out of the story, Willy cheats on his married woman and is caught by his son Biff, which negatively affects their long-term relationship. As a result, Willy always feels guilty, leading to a incessant struggle between father and son about almost everything. One example of this is in coiffure II, after arguing Biff says to his father, Dad, youre neer going to see what I am, so whats the use of arguing? If I strike oil, Ill send you a check. Meantime, forget Im alive (129). A lot of times they argued because Willy always cherished to see the positive even when in reality things were not as he believed.The tragedy is that his life was full of delusions and misguided dreams. In the beginning of the story, Willy explains to his wife why they nookienot leave the crowded city to live in New York They dont need me in New York. Im the New England man. Im vital in New England(4). However, as the story continues we see that Willy had a fabricated perception of himself. In fact, he was not well liked. Instead, he waslaughed at and pitied. In actuality, his boss had wanted to fire him, but just did not have the nerve to do it. This is seen when Willy goes to his boss dealing to be given a position as a floor salesman, his boss tells him, I dont want you to represent us. Ive been meaning to tell you for a long time now(83). subsequently Willys life long commitment to the company, he is fired and even then , he does not bestir up to the understanding that in society he is nothing special. Biff tries to make his father relieve oneself that he is nothing special by saying, Pop Im a dime a dozen, and so atomic number 18 youThis infuriates Willy who counterattacks, I am not a dime a dozen I am Willy Loman, and you argon Biff Loman Another one of Willys flaws was his unrelenting pride. For example, when Charley offers him a job he refuses saying he already has one even though in truth he was just fired. After get ahead discussion Willy finally responds saying, I cant work for you, thats all, dont ask me why (98). We see irony here because a little after this Willy is willing to ask Charley to start money but refuses to take a job from him. Willy Lomans flaw was his hubris and his inability to face reality. He had the right idea just the wrong dreams. Ultimately, his unrelenting pride and his inability to face reality led him to his demise. One must acknowledge that throughout the who le story he strived to make up for his mistakes and do the right thing.He had mostly good intentions, however, he made mistakes just like any other human being. However, contrary to most people, he judged himself harshly for his mistakes and constantly criticized himself. He tested to overlook his mistakes or hide them for the rest of his life. As the play goes on, we learn that he has a hard time set about reality that is complicated by his unrelenting pride and at the same time, he suffers from self-loathing. As the play goes on and Willys identity as a salesman is stripped from him, we begin to understand better the immensity of his life insurance policy. After Willy loses his job, which was his primary identity, he is forced to face reality that he could never be like his brother who was his hero. He could never be the father he wanted to be or pattern his sons deserved.He wanted his son Biff to look up to him and excel in life. He realized that he was not the star salesman h e always believed himself to be. We see this as he becomes increasingly preoccupied with his life insurance policy, which symbolizes the only other way he can picture for his family he has been a failure at everything else.He always had the best intentions and the play ends with Willy trying to erect for his family in the only way possible, as the critique states, Willy of course ends the play with nothing he can sell except himself, hoping that his expired life insurance policy will pay up.According to Dictionary.com, the definition of a tragic hero is a great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy who is destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat. Although Willy was not a virtuous character, in the end, he tried to do what he thought was right by providing for his family in the only way he thought possible. His life was tragic because he tried to cope by living in denial about his failures. In the end, he faced reality in the only way he thought he could, by taking his li fe.Works Cited1. Miller, Arthur, and Gerald Clifford. Weales. Arthur Miller Death of a Salesman, Text and Criticism. New York. Penguin, 1996. Print. 2. Tragedy. Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. . 3. Tragic Hero. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 08 Apr. 2012. . 4. literary Criticism Attached

Civil Disobedience Essay Example for Free

Civil Disobedience EssayBased on the writings of Henry David Thoreau it is genuinely relevant that he is real opposed to governing body involvement of some(prenominal) kind. He doesnt deal that the presidential term should be involved in everyday life. Thoreau doesnt hear the point of having a governance system that will be useful to everyone and not just a select few. Thoreau proceeds to explain his piece of musicy reasons as to why the government is best when it governs the least. He archetype community should stand up to the very ones that made society so corrupt and weak. Thoreau believes the government puts individualised selfish interests on a pedestal.Thoreaus opening statement set the tone for his entire essay. He begins his essay by saying that the government, so far, has rarely stressn to be useful. He believes that the power the government has derived from the majority rather than the few. This is mainly because the majority is the strongest group not bec ause their viewpoint is right but because they crap many in numbers. He and so continues to express the fact that many people do what they believe is right and not to just follow the law created by the majority. He insists that people should do onward with the law all to arrayher when the legal system becomes unjust. Thoreau then states that the United States is a perfect case of an unjust government.He believes that is because of the fact that they puddle sh hold support of slavery and they have participated in the practice of competitive war. In regards to a man following his first obligation, Thoreau believes that a man isnt obligated to get rid of the evils of the world, but he is obligated not to take part in these evils. This means that no man should feel the need to participate in an unruly government if he does not study to do so. Thoreau asks, Must the citizen ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? wherefore has every man a conscience, then? I think we should be men first, and subjects afterward. He is basically stating that it is far more important to develop respect for what is right, rather than a respect for law. Thoreau sets a very powerful and aggressive tone by choosing to open his essay this way.Thoreau doesnt see the effectiveness of straighten inside the US government. Thus, he wants his readers to feel the same way. He then says that he is convinced that petitioning and voting for change achieves very little. Thoreau uses a wide variety of examples, some personal, that depict the unjust system that he discusses. By using his own personal experiences, he is allowing the reader to fully understand everything he is essay to depict. He speaks on the fact that during a protest against slavery, he avertd to pay the taxes that were issued to him. Because of his refusal to pay the taxes, he worn-out(a) the wickedness in jail. But, overall his thoughts and opinions dissociated him from the g overnment because he chose not to participate in its institutions.He then states that one cant see the government for what it really is because one is still working within it. And, in this way they believe that everything is justified because they are a part of the strong majority. He feels that having similarly much respect for law causes people to do wild things. For example, he believes that the government has turned soldiers into machines for their own personal use making them a shadow of what is real. Thoreau is very passionate and honest about everything that he says. He wants the reader to know exactly where in his heart these words are coming from. He never uses a harsh syntax or diction when writing because he doesnt want to good angry.Throughout his essay, Thoreau uses an intense appeal to pathos. He mostly uses pathos when he describes a conversation with his stall mate. Thoreau asks his fellow prisoner what he got put in jail for and the man replied saying, they accus e me of burning a barn but I never done it. Thoreau does this to appeal to the emotion of his readers by showing them that what the government does isnt fair. He also shows this when he says that he has been waiting 3 months for his trial, and he will probably have to wait another 3 months before he actually gets his trial. Thoreau describes the conversation to paint a look-alike in the minds of his readers, of an innocent man that had to wait a half a year to attempt to prove innocence. The fact that this innocent man was spending his waiting time in jail, draws a lot of fellow feeling from his readers.Thoreau also uses a great deal of imagery in this essay. When describing hisjail cell, he used the rooms were whitewashed once a month He was doing this to show his audience that his punishment really wasnt as bad as most people thought it would be. Thoreau even said that he viewed his cell just about as if it were an apartment, and the jail house, a city. This supports his idea that jail technically isnt a punishment for those in it. Thoreau, here, is essay to persuade the readers to stand together and revolt against the government because it is their duty to do so. He then goes on to say that neither him, nor his cell mate pose any real threat to society. This makes the reader mind his place in jail. If he really wasnt a threat, then why was he locked up?Thoreau is very opinionated about his very broad views of the government. He believes that the government has only lasted this long because people refuse to execute their own will. And, until this happens, no changes will ever be made. Thoreau wishes for a society in which man makes decisions of his own mind and not the mind of those that are trying to suppress the truth. In some aspects Thoreau is right. many current laws are not honorable. Overall, Thoreau just wants to conform to the laws set in place, but he feels that that phenomenon wint happen.In his essay, Thoreau makes it very clear of his id ea that government is best when it governs the least. He uses many rhetorical strategies such as imagery, symbolism and pathos as an effort to persuade the readers that the best kind of government is one of laissez-faire. His main ideas were present in his writing. He wanted to show people that a passive government is not the best thing for everyone. Because if he was thrown in jail for one night due to the fact he didnt pay poll tax for six years, then why dont people step up and revolt against the government? He wanted the reader to feel empowered by his words so that there could truly be a change in government policies.

African American Culture Essay Example for Free

African American Culture hearAlthough slavery greatly restricted the ability of Africans in America to lend oneself their pagan customs, m any(prenominal) practices, value and beliefs blend ind and over m see incorporated elements of European American agri finishing. there be even original aspectts of African American coating that were brought into beingness or do much prominent as a vector sum of slavery an example of this is how drumming became used as a means of communication and establishing a alliance identity during that time. The result is a dynamic, imaginative floriculture that has had and continues to hold up a fundamental shock on mainstream American culture and on world culture as well. After freedom, these uniquely African American traditions continued to grow. They developed into distinctive traditions in medicament, ruse, literature, religious belief, nourishment, holidays, amongst earlyish(a)s. While for some time sociologists, such(pr enominal)(prenominal) as Gunnar Myrdal and Patrick Moynihan, believed that African Americans had lost to a greater extent or less ethnic ties with Africa, anthropological field research by Melville Hersovits and an early(a)(prenominal)s demonstrated that in that appreciate is a continuum of African traditions among Africans in the New World from the watt Indies to the unite States.The greatest influence of African cultural practices on European cultures is found below the Mason-Dixon in the southeastern linked States, e peculiar(prenominal)ly in the Carolinas among the Gullah people and in Louisiana. African American culture frequently developed separately from mainstream American culture because of African Americans desire to practice their own traditions, as well as the persistence of racial requisition in America. Consequently African American culture has become a significant p device of American culture and yet, at the same time, remains a distinct culture ap artwork istic production from it. Hi layerFrom the primal days of slavery, slave owners sought to exercise control over their slaves by tackleing to strip them of their African culture. The physical isolation and societal marginalization of African slaves and, later, of their free progeny, however, actu every last(predicate)y facilitated the retention of significant elements of traditional culture among Africans in the New World generally, and in the U. S. in disassembleicular. hard worker owners deliberately tried to repress semipolitical organization in order to deal with the many slave rebellions that took place in the gray United States, Brazil, Haiti, and the Dutch Guyanas.African cultures,slavery,slave rebellions,and the complaisant rights movements(circa 1800s-160s) bring forth shaped African American religious, familial, political and economic behaviors. The imprint of Africa is lucid in myriad ways, in politics, economics, language, unison, hairstyles, fashion, dance, re ligion and worldview, and food preparation methods. In the United States, the very edict that was designed to strip slaves of culture and deny them education served in many ways to strengthen it.In shepherds crook, African American culture has had a pervasive, transformative impact on myriad elements of mainstream American culture, among them language, music, dance, religion, cuisine, and agriculture. This sue of joint creative exchange is called creolization. Over time, the culture of African slaves and their descendants has been ubiquitous in its impact on non only the dominant American culture, but on world culture as well. viva voce tradition Slaveholders restrict or prohibited education of enslaved African Americans because they believed it might lead to revolts or go plans.Hence, African-based literal traditions became the primary means of preserving history, righteouss, and other cultural information among the people. This was consistent with the griot practices of oral history in many African and other cultures that did not rely on the written word. many other(prenominal) of these cultural elements have been passed from generation to generation with with(predicate) storytelling. The folktales resultd African Americans the opportunity to inspire and educate one another. Examples of African American folktales include trickster tales of Brer Rabbit and heroic tales such as that ofJohn Henry. The Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris helped to bring African American folk tales into mainstream adoption. Harris did not appreciate the complexity of the stories nor their potential for a lasting impact on society. Characteristics of the African American oral tradition present themselves in a make out of forms. African American preachers tend to perform rather than simply speak. The emotion of the subject is carried through the speakers tone, volume, and movement, which tend to mirror the advance action, climax, and descending action of th e sermon.Often stock, dance, verse and structured pauses argon placed throughout the sermon. Techniques such as call-and-response be used to bring the audience into the presentation. In direct contrast to youthful tradition in other American and westsideern cultures, it is an acceptable and common audience reaction to interrupt and affirm the speaker. communicate word is another example of how the African American oral tradition influences modern American common culture. Spoken word artists employ the same techniques as African American preachers including movement, rhythm, and audience participation.Rap music from the 1980s and beyond has been seen as an extension of oral culture. Harlem Renaissance pic Zora Neale Hurston was a prominent literary enroll during the Harlem Renaissance. Main article Harlem Renaissance The first major public recognition of African American culture occurred during the Harlem Renaissance. In the 1920s and 1930s, African American music, literature, and art gained wide notice. Authors such as Zora Neale Hurston and Nella Larsen and poets such as Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen wrote works describing the African American experience.Jazz, swing, games and other musical forms entered American best-selling(predicate) music. African American artists such as William H. Johnson and Palmer Hayden nominated unique works of art featuring African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was as well a time of increased political involvement for African Americans. Among the noted African American political movements founded in the early twentieth century ar the United Negro Improvement Association and the National Association for the promotion of Colored People.The Nation of Islam, a notable Islamic religious movement, as well began in the early 1930s. African American cultural movement The filthy Power movement of the 1960s and mid-seventies pass offed in the airstream of the non-violent American Civil Rights straw man. The movement promoted racial surcharge and ethnic cohesion in contrast to the cerebrate on integration of the Civil Rights Movement, and adopted a more militant posture in the face of racism. It as well as inspired a naked renaissance in African American literary and dainty expression generally referred to as the African American or Black humanistic discipline Movement. The works of best-selling(predicate) recording artists such as Nina Simone (Young, Gifted and Black) and The Impressions (Keep On Pushin), as well as the poetry, fine humanities and literature of the time, shaped and reflected the ontogeny racial and political consciousness. Among the some prominent writers of the African American Arts Movement were poet Nikki Giovanni poet and publisher Don L. Lee, who later became cognise as Haki Madhubuti poet and playwright Leroi Jones, later k forthwithn as Amiri Baraka and Sonia Sanchez. Other influential writers were Ed Bullins, Dudley Randall, Mari Evans, June Jordan, Larry Neal and Ahmos Zu-Bolton. other major aspect of the African American Arts Movement was the infusion of the African aesthetic, a return to a collective cultural sensibility and ethnic pride that was much in evidence during the Harlem Renaissance and in the celebration of Negritude among the artistic and literary circles in the U. S. , Caribbean and the African continent around four decades earlier the idea that black is beautiful. During this time, at that place was a resurgence of engross in, and an embrace of, elements of African culture indoors African American culture that had been suppressed or debauched to conform to Eurocentric America.Natural hairstyles, such as the afro, and African fabricing, such as the dashiki, gained frequentity. More importantly, the African American aesthetic boostd personal pride and political aw beness among African Americans. Music pic workforce playing the djembe, a traditional West African drum adopted into African Ameri can and American culture. The bags and the clothing of the man on the right atomic number 18 printed with traditional kente cloth patterns. African American music is rooted in the typically polyrhythmic music of the ethnic groups of Africa, specifically those in the Western, Sahelean, and Sub-Saharan regions.African oral traditions, nurtured in slavery, encouraged the use of music to pass on history, teach lessons, ease suffering, and relay messages. The African pedigree of African American music is evident in some common elements call and response, syncopation, percussion, improvisation, swung notes, blue notes, the use of falsetto, melisma, and complex multi-part harmony. During slavery, Africans in America blended traditional European hymns with African elements to create spirituals. Many African Americans sing Lift Evry Voice and Sing in adjunct to the American content anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner, or in lieu of it.Written by James Weldon Johnson and John Rosamond Johnson in 1900 to be performed for the birthday of Abraham Lincoln, the song was, and continues to be, a popular way for African Americans to recall past differences and express ethnic solidarity, faith and apprehend for the future. The song was adopted as the Negro National Anthem by the NAACP in 1919. African American children are taught the song at school, church service or by their families. Lift Evry Voice and Sing traditionally is sung immediately following, or alternatively of, The Star-Spangled Banner at events hosted by African American churches, schools, and other organizations.In the 1800s, as the result of the blackface minstrel show, African American music entered mainstream American society. By the early twentieth century, several musical forms with origins in the African American community had transformed American popular music. Aided by the technological innovations of radio and phonograph records, ragtime, jazz, blues, and swing also became popular overseas, and the 19 20s became known as the Jazz Age. The early 20th century also saw the creation of the first African American Broadway shows, films such as King Vidors Hallelujah and operas such as George Gershwins Porgy and Bess. Rock and roll, doo wop, somebody, and RB developed in the mid 20th century. These genres became very popular in white audiences and were influences for other genres such as surf. The dozens, an urban African American tradition of using rhyming slang to put charge your enemies (or friends) developed through the smart-ass street jive of the early Seventies into a untested form of music. In the South Bronx, the half speaking, half singing rhythmic street talk of rapping grew into the hugely successful cultural force known as Hip Hop.Hip Hop would become a multicultural movement. However, it is unruffled important to many African Americans. The African American Cultural Movement of the 1960s and 1970s also fueled the growing of funk and later hip-hop forms such as rap, hip house, new jak swing and go go. African American music has experienced far more widespread acceptation in American popular music in the 21st century than ever before. In addition to continuing to develop newer musical forms, modern artists have also started a rebirth of older genres in the form of genres such as neo somebody and modern funk-inspired groups. Dance picThe Cakewalk was the first African American dance to gain widespread popularity in the United States. pic African American dance, a ilk other aspects of African American culture, finds its earliest roots in the dances of the hundreds of African ethnic groups that made up African slaves in the Americas as well as influences from European sources in the United States. Dance in the African tradition, and thus in the tradition of slaves, was a part of two every day life and special occasions. Many of these traditions such as get down, ring shouts, and other elements of African body language survive as elements of moder n dance.In the 1800s, African American dance began to appear in minstrel shows. These shows often presented African Americans as caricatures for ridicule to large audiences. The first African American dance to become popular with White dancers was the cakewalk in 1891. Later dances to follow in this tradition include the Charleston, the Lindy Hop, and the Jitterbug. During the Harlem Renaissance, all African American Broadway shows such as Shuffle Along helped to establish and legitimize African American dancers.African American dance forms such as tap, a combination of African and European influences, gained widespread popularity thanks to dancers such as Bill Robinson and were used by leading White choreographers who often employ African American dancers. Contemporary African American dance is descended from these earlier forms and also draws influence from African and Caribbean dance forms. Groups such as the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater have continued to contribute to the growth of this form. Modern popular dance in America is also greatly influenced by African American dance.American popular dance has also drawn many influences from African American dance close to notably in the hip hop genre. Art pic Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City by Henry Ossawa Tanner 1859-1937 From its early origins in slave communities, through the end of the twentieth century, African-American art has made a vital contribution to the art of the United States. During the period between the 1600s and the early 1800s, art took the form of small drums, quilts, wrought-iron figures and ceramic vessels in the gray United States. These articircumstances have similarities with comparable crafts in West and Central Africa.In contrast, African American artisans like the New Englandbased engraver Scipio Moorhead and the Baltimore portrait painter Joshua Johnson created art that was conceived in a thoroughly western European fashion. During the 1800s, Harriet Powers made quilts in rural Georgia, United States that are now considered among the finest examples of nineteenth-century Southern quilting. Later in the 20th century, the women of Gees Bend developed a distinctive, bold, and sophisticated quilting style based on traditional African American quilts with a geometrical simplicity that developed separately but was like that of Amish quilts and modern art.After the American Civil War, museums and galleries began more frequently to display the work of African American artists. Cultural expression in mainstream venues was still limited by the dominant European aesthetic and by racial prejudice. To increase the visibility of their work, many African American artists traveled to Europe where they had greater freedom. It was not until the Harlem Renaissance that more whites began to pay attention to African American art in America. pic Kara Walker, Cut, Cut paper and adhesive on wall, Brent Sikkema NYC.During the 1920s, artists such as Raymond Barthe, Aaron Dou glas, gildeda Savage, and photographer James Van Der Zee became well known for their work. During the Great Depression, new opportunities arose for these and other African American artists downstairs the WPA. In later years, other programs and institutions, such as the New York City-based Harmon Foundation, helped to boost African American artistic talent. Augusta Savage, Elizabeth Catlett, Lois Mailou Jones, Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence and others exhibited in museums and juried art shows, and built reputations and followings for themselves.In the mid-fifties and 1960s, there were very few widely accepted African American artists. Despite this, The Highwaymen, a loose standoff of 27 African American artists from Ft. Pierce, Florida, created idyllic, quickly realized images of the Florida landscape and peddled some 50,000 of them from the trunks of their cars. They sold their art directly to the public rather than through galleries and art agents, thus receiving the name The H ighwaymen. Rediscovered in the mid-1990s, today they are recognized as an important part of American folk history.Their artwork is widely collected by enthusiasts and original pieces can easily fetch thousands of dollars in auctions and sales. The Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and 1970s was another period of resurgent interest in African American art. During this period, several African-American artists gained national prominence, among them Lou Stovall, Ed Love, Charles White, and Jeff Donaldson. Donaldson and a group of African-American artists formed the Afrocentric collective AFRICOBRA, which remains in existence today.The sculptor Martin Puryear, whose work has been acclaimed for years, is being honored with a 30-year retrospective of his work at the Museum of Modern Art in New York starting November 2007. Notable contemporary African American artists include David Hammons, Eugene J. Martin, Charles Tolliver, and Kara Walker. Literature pic Langston Hughes, a notable African American poet of the Harlem Renaissance. African American literature has its roots in the oral traditions of African slaves in America. The slaves used stories and fables in much the same way as they used music.These stories influenced the earliest African American writers and poets in the 18thcentury such as Phillis Wheatley and Olaudah Equiano. These references reached early high points by telling slave narratives. During the early 20th century Harlem Renaissance, numerous authors and poets, such as Langston Hughes, W. E. B. Dubois, and Booker T. Washington, grappled with how to respond to discrimination in America. Authors during the Civil Rights era, such as Richard Wright, James Baldwin and Gwendolyn Brooks wrote about issues of racial requisition, oppression and other aspects of African American life.This tradition continues today with authors who have been accepted as an integral part of American literature, with works such as Roots The Saga of an American Family by Alex H aley, The Color Purple by Alice Walker, and Beloved by Nobel Prize-winning Toni Morrison, and series by Octavia Butler and Walter Mosley that have achieved both best-selling and/or award-winning status. Museums The African American Museum Movement emerged during the 1950s and 1960s to preserve the heritage of the African American experience and to ensure its proper interpretation in American history.Museums devoted to African American history are found in many African American neighborhoods. Institutions such as the African American Museum and Library at Oakland and The African American Museum in Cleveland were created by African Americans to teach and investigate cultural history that, until recent decades was primarily preserved bowl oral traditions. Language Generations of hardships imposed on the African American community created distinctive language patterns. Slave owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than position.This, combined with prohibitions against education, led to the development of pidgins, simplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages could use to communicate. Examples of pidgins that became fully developed languages include Creole, common to Haiti,and Gullah, common to the Sea Islands off the bank of South Carolina and Georgia. African American Vernacular incline is a type variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language closely associated with the speech of but not exclusive to African Americans.While AAVE is academically considered a legitimate dialect because of its logical structure, some of both Caucasians and African Americans consider it slang or the result of a poor command of Standard American English. Inner city African American children who are isolated by speaking only AAVE have more difficulty with standardized testing and, aft(prenominal) school, moving to the mainstream w orld for work. It is common for many speakers of AAVE to code switch between AAVE and Standard American English depending on the setting. Fashion and aesthetics pic A man weaving kente cloth in Ghana.Attire The cultural explosion of the 1960s saw the incorporation of surviving cultural dress with elements from modern fashion and West African traditional clothing to create a uniquely African American traditional style. Kente cloth is the best known African textile. These festive woven patterns, which exist in numerous varieties, were originally made by the Ashanti and Ewe peoples of Ghana and Togo. Kente fabric also appears in a number of Western style fashions ranging from insouciant t-shirts to formal bow ties and cummerbunds. Kente strips are often sewn into liturgical and cademic robes or worn as stoles. Since the Black Arts Movement, traditional African clothing has been popular amongst African Americans for both formal and informal occasions. Another common aspect of fashion i n African American culture involves the appropriate dress for pietism in the Black church. It is expected in some churches that an individual should present their best appearance for worship. African American women in particular are known for clothing vibrant dresses and suits. An interpretation of a conversion from the Christian Bible, very woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head , has led to the tradition of wearing elaborate Sunday hats, sometimes known as crowns. Hair Hair styling in African American culture is greatly varied. African American hair is typically composed of tightly coiled curls. The plethoric styles for women involve the straightening of the hair through the application of heat or chemical processes. These treatments form the base for the most usually neighborlyly acceptable hairstyles in the United States.Alternatively, the predominant and most socially acceptable practice for men is to leave ones hair lifelike. Often, as men age and begin to lose their hair, the hair is every closely cropped, or the head is shaved completely free of hair. However, since the 1960s, natural hairstyles, such as the afro, braids, and dreadlocks, have been growing in popularity. Although the association with radical political movements and their vast difference from mainstream Western hairstyles, the styles have not yet attained widespread social acceptance.Maintaining facial hair is more prevalent among African American men than in other male populations in the U. S. In fact, the soul patch is so named because African American men, particularly jazz musicians, popularized the style. The preference for facial hair among African American men is out-of-pocket partly to personal taste, but because they are more prone than other ethnic groups to develop a condition known as pseudofolliculitis barbae, commonly referred to as razor bumps, many prefer not to shave. dust imageThe European aesthetic and attendant mainstream concepts of beauty are often at odds with the African body form. Because of this, African American women often find themselves under pressure to conform to European standards of beauty. Still, there are individuals and groups who are working towards raising the standing of the African aesthetic among African Americans and internationally as well. This includes efforts toward promoting as models those with clearly defined African features the mainstreaming of natural hairstyles and, in women, fuller, more voluptuous body types. godliness While African Americans practice a number of religions, Protestant Christianity is by far the most popular. Additionally, 14% of Islamics in the United States and Canada are African American. Christianity pic A river baptism in New Bern, North Carolina near the turn of the 20th century. The religious institutions of African American Christians commonly are referred tocollectively as the black church. During slavery, many slaves were plain of their African belief systems and typically denied free religious practice.Slaves managed, however, to hang on to some practices by integrate them into Christian worship in secret meetings. These practices, including dance, shouts, African rhythms, and enthusiastic singing, remain a large part of worship in the African American church. African American churches taught that all people were equal in Gods eyes and viewed the doctrine of obedience to ones master taught in white churches as hypocritical. Instead the African American church focused on the message of equality and hopes for a better future.Before and by and by emancipation, racial segregation in America prompted the development of organized African American denominations. The first of these was the AME Church founded by Richard Allen in 1787. An African American church is not necessarily a separate denomination. Several predominantly African American churches exist as members of predominantly white denominations. African Ameri can churches have served to endure African American people with leadership positions and opportunities to organize that were denied in mainstream American society.Because of this, African American pastors became the duo between the African American and European American communities and thus played a crucial aim in the American Civil Rights Movement. give shell out many Christians, African American Christians sometimes participate in or attend a Christmas play. Black Nativity by Langston Hughes is a re-telling of the classic Nativity story with gospel music. Productions can be found a African American theaters and churches all over the country. Islam pic A member of the Nation of Islam selling merchandise on a city street corner.Despite the popular assumption that the Nation represents all or most African American Muslims, less than 2% are members. Generations before the advent of the Atlantic slave trade, Islam was a thriving religion in West Africa due(p) to its peaceful intr oduction via the lucrative trans-Saharan trade between prominent tribes in the southern Sahara and the Berbers to the North. In his attesting to this fact the West African scholar Cheikh Anta Diop explained The primary reason for the success of Islam in Black Africa onsequently stems from the fact that it was propagated peacefully at first by solitary Arabo-Berber travelers to certain Black kings and notables, who then spread it about them to those under their jurisdiction Many first-generation slaves were often able to retain their Muslim identity, their descendants were not. Slaves were either forcibly reborn to Christianity as was the case in the Catholic lands or were besieged with gross inconviences to their religious practice such as in the case of the Protestant American mainland.In the decades after slavery and particularly during the imprint era, Islam reemerged in the form of highly visible and sometimes controversial heterodox movements in the African American community . The first of these of note was the Moorish Science Temple of America, founded by Noble Drew Ali. Ali had a profound influence on Wallace Fard, who later founded the Black nationalist Nation of Islam in 1930. Elijah Muhammad became head of the organization in 1934. Much like Malcolm X, who left the Nation of Islam in 1964, many African American Muslims now follow traditional Islam.A survey by the Council on American-Islamic Relations shows that 30% of Sunni Mosque attendees are African Americans. African American orthodox Muslims are often the victims of stereotypes, most notably the assumption that an African American Muslim is a member of the Nation of Islam. They are often viewed by the uneducated African-American community in general as less authentic than Muslims from the Middle East or South Asia while believability is less of an issue with immigrant Muslims and Muslim world in general. Other religionsAside from Christianity and Islam, there are also African Americans who fol low Judaism, Buddhism, and a number of other religions. The Black Hebrew Israelites are a exhibition of African American Jewish religious organizations. Among their varied teachings, they often include that African Americans are descended from the biblical Hebrews (sometimes with the paradoxical claim that the Jewish people are not). There is a small but growing number of African Americans who participate in African traditional religions, such as Vodou and Santeria or Ifa and diasporic traditions like Rastafarianism.Many of them are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean and South America, where these are practised. Because of religious practices, such as beast sacrifice, which are no longer common among American religions and are often legally prohibited, these groups may be viewed negatively and are sometimes the victims of harassment. Life events For most African Americans, the observance of life events follows the pattern of mainstream American culture. T here are some traditions which are unique to African Americans.Some African Americans have created new rites of passage that are linked to African traditions. Pre-teen and teenage boys and girls take classes to prepare them for adulthood. They are typically taught spirituality, responsibility, and leadership. most of these programs are modeled after traditional African ceremonies, with the focus largely on embracing African ideologies rather than specific rituals. To this day, some African American couples choose to jump the broom as a part of their wedding ceremony.Although the practice, which can be traced back to Ghana, fell out of favor in the African American community after the end of slavery, it has experienced a slight resurgence in recent years as some couples seek to reaffirm their African heritage. Funeral traditions tend to vary based on a number of factors, including religion and location, but there are a number of commonalities. Probably the most important part of deat h and dying in the African American culture is the gathering of family and friends. all in the last days before death or shortly after death, typically any friends and family members that can be reached are notified.This gathering helps to provide spiritual and emotional support, as well as assistance in making decisions and accomplishing everyday tasks. The spirituality of death is very important in African American culture. A member of the clergy or members of the religious community, or both, are typically present with the family through the entire process. Death is often viewed as transitory rather than final. Many services are called alkaligoings, instead of funerals, based on the belief that the person is going home to the afterlife. The entire end of life process is generally treated as a celebration of life rather than a mourning of loss.This is most notably demonstrated in the New Orleans Jazz Funeral tradition where upbeat music, dancing, and food encourage those gathere d to be happy and celebrate the homegoing of a beloved friend. Cuisine pic A traditional soul food dinner consisting of fried chicken, candied yams, collard putting surfaces, cornbread, and macaroni and cheese. The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the United States, such as yams, peanuts, rice, okra, sorghum, grits, watermelon, indigo dyes, and cotton, can be traced to African influences. African American foods reflect creative esponses to racial and economic oppression and exiguity. Under slavery, African Americans were not allowed to eat better cuts of meat, and after emancipation many often were too poor to afford them. Soul food, a hearty cuisine commonly associated with African Americans in the South (but also common to African Americans nationwide), makes creative use of inexpensive products procured through farming and subsistence hunting and fishing. Pig intestines are boiled and sometimes battered and fried to make chitterlings, also known as chitlins. Ham hocks and neck bones provide seasoning to soups, beans and boiled greens (turnip greens, collard greens, and gai choi greens). Other common foods, such as fried chicken and fish, macaroni and cheese, cornbread and hoppin john (black-eyed peas and rice) are prepared simply. When the African American population was considerably more rural than it generally is today, rabbit, possum, squirrel, and waterfowl were important additions to the diet. Many of these food traditions are especially predominant in many parts of the rural South. Traditionally prepared soul food is often high in fat, sodium and starch.Highly suited to the physically demanding lives of laborers, farmhands and rural lifestyles generally, it is now a contributing factor to obesity, heart disease, and diabetes in a population that has become increasingly more urban and sedentary. As a result, more health-conscious African-Americans are using alternative methods of preparation, eschewing trans fats in favor of natur al vegetable oils and substituting smoked turkey for fatback and other, cured pork products limiting the amount of refined breadstuff in desserts and emphasizing the consumption of more fruits and vegetables than animal protein.There is some resistance to such changes, however, as they involve deviating from long culinary tradition. Holidays and observances pic A woman wearing traditional West African clothing lighting the candles on a kinara for a Kwanzaa celebration. As with other American racial and ethnic groups, African Americans observe ethnic holidays alongside traditional American holidays. Holidays observed in African American culture are not only observed by African Americans. The birthday of noted American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr has been observed nationally since 1983. It is one of three federal holidays named for an individual.Black History Month is another example of another African American observance that has been adopted nationally. Black History Month is an attempt to focus attention on previously neglected aspects of the African American experience. It is observed during the month of February to agree with the founding of the NAACP and the birthdays of Frederick Douglass, a prominent African American abolitionist, and Abraham Lincoln, the United States president who signed the Emancipation Proclamation. little widely observed outside of the African American community is Emancipation Day. The nature and timing of the celebration vary regionally.It is most widely observed as Juneteenth, in recognition of the official reading of the Emancipation Proclamation on June 19, 1865 in Texas. Another holiday not widely observed outside of the African American community is the birthday of Malcolm X. The day is observed on May 19 in American cities with a significant African American population, including Washington, D. C.. One of the most noted African American holidays is Kwanzaa. Like Emancipation Day, it is not widely observed o utside of the African American community, although it is growing in popularity within the community.African American scholar and activist Maulana Ron Karenga invented the festival of Kwanzaa in 1966, as an alternative to the increasing commercialisation of Christmas. Derived from the harvest rituals of Africans, Kwanzaa is observed each year from December 26 through January 1. Participants in Kwanzaa celebrations affirm their African heritage and the importance of family and community by drinking from a unity cup lighting red, black, and green candles exchanging heritage symbols, such as African art and recounting the lives of people who struggled for African and African American freedom.Names African American name calling are often drawn from the same language groups as other popular name found in the United States. The practice of adopting neo-African or Islamic names did not gain popularity until the late Civil Rights era. Efforts to recover African heritage inspired selection of names with deeper cultural significance. Prior to this, using African names was not practical for two reasons. First, many African Americans were several generations removed from the last ancestor to have an African name since slaves were often given European names.Second, a traditional American name helps an individual fit into American society. Another African American naming practice that predates the use of African names is the use of made-up names. In an attempt to create their own identity, growing numbers of African American parents, starting in the post-World War II era, began creating new names based on sounds they found pleasing such as Marquon, DaShawn, LaTasha, or Shandra. Family When slavery was practiced in the United States, it was common for families to be unaffectionate through sale. Even during slavery, however, African American families managed to nurture strong familial bonds.Free, African men and women, who managed to buy their own freedom by being hire ou t, who were emancipated, or who had escaped their masters, often worked long and hard to buy the members of their families who remained in bondage and send for them. Others, separated from blood kin, formed close bonds comprised of fictive kin play relations, play aunts, cousins and the like. This practice, perhaps a holdover from African tradition, survived Emancipation, with non-blood family friends commonly accorded the status and titles of blood relations.This broader, more African concept of what constitutes family and community, and the deeply rooted respect for elders that is part of African traditional societies may be the genesis of the common use of the terms like aunt, uncle, brother, sister, Mother and Mama when addressing other African American people, some of whom may be complete strangers. Or, it could have arisen in the Christian church as a way of greeting fellow congregants and believers. Immediately after slavery, African American families struggled to reunite an d rebuild what had been taken.As late as 1960, 78% of African American families were headed by married couples. This number steadily declined over the latter half of the 20th century. A number of factors, including attitudes towards education, gender roles, and poverty have created a situation where, for the first time since slavery, a majority of African American children live in a household with only one parent, typically the mother. These figures appear to head a weak African American nuclear family structure, especially within a large aged society.This apparent weakness is balanced by mutual aid systems established by extended family members to provide emotional and economic support. Older family members pass on social and cultural traditions such as religion and manners to younger family members. In turn, the older family members are cared for by younger family members when they are unable to care for themselves. These relationships exist at all economic levels in the African American community, providing strength and support both to the African American family and the community. Politics and social issuesSince the passing of the Voting Rights Act, African Americans are voting and being elected to public office in increasing numbers. As of January 2001 there were 9,101 African American elected officials in America. African Americans are overwhelmingly Democratic. Only 11% of African Americans voted for George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential Election. Social issues such as racial profiling, the racial disparity in sentencing, higher rates of poverty, institutional racism, and lower access to health care are important to the African American community.While the take off on racial and fiscal issues has remained consistently wide for decades, seemingly indicating a wide social divide, African Americans tend to hold the same optimism and concern for America as Whites. In the case of many moral issues such as religion, and family values, African Americans t end to be more conservative than Whites. Another area where African Americans outstrip Whites in their conservatism is on the issue of homosexuality. Prominent leaders in the Black church have demonstrated against gay rights issues such as gay marriage.There are those within the community who take a more inclusive position most notably, the late Mrs. Coretta Scott King, and the Reverend Al Sharpton, who, when asked in 2003 whether he support gay marriage, replied that he might as well have been asked if he supported black marriage or white marriage. Neighborhoods African American neighborhoods are types of ethnic enclaves found in many cities in the United States. The formation of African American neighborhoods is closely linked to the history of segregation in the United States, either through formal laws, or as a product of social norms.Despite this, African American neighborhoods have played an important role in the development of nearly all aspects of both African American cultu re and broader American culture. Due to segregated conditions and widespread poverty some African American neighborhoods in the United States have been called ghettos. The use of this term is controversial and, depending on the context, potentially offensive. Despite mainstream Americas use of the term ghetto to suggest a poor urban area populated by ethnic minorities, those living in the area often used it to signify something positive.The African American ghettos did not always contain dilapidated houses and deteriorating projects, nor were all of its residents poverty-stricken. For many African Americans, the ghetto was home a place representing authentic blackness and a feeling, passion, or emotion derived from the rising above the struggle and suffering of being of African descent in America. Langston Hughes relays in the Negro Ghetto (1931) and The Heart of Harlem (1945) The buildings in Harlem are brick and stone/And the streets are long and wide,/But Harlems much more than these alone,/Harlem is whats inside. Playwright August Wilson used the term ghetto in Ma Raineys Black Bottom (1984) and Fences (1987), both of which draw upon the authors experience growing up in the Hill district of Pittsburgh, an African American ghetto. Although African American neighborhoods may suffer from civic disinvestment, with lower quality schools, less effective policing and fire protection. There are institutions such as churches and museums and political organizations that help to improve the physical and social capital of African American neighborhoods.In African American neighborhoods the churches may be important sources of social cohesion. For some African Americans the kind spirituality learned through these churches works as a protective factor against the sulfurous forces of racism. Museums devoted to African American history are also found in many African American neighborhoods. Many African American neighborhoods are located in inner cities, These are the mostly residential neighborhoods located closest to the central business district.The built environment is often row houses or brownstones, mixed with older single family homes that may be converted to multi family homes. In some areas there are larger apartment buildings. Shotgun houses are an important part of the built environment of some southern African American neighborhoods. The houses consist of three to five rooms in a row with no hallways. This African American house design is found in both rural and urban southern areas, mainly in African-American communities and neighborhoods.

International Management Research Paper Essay Example for Free

world(prenominal) watchfulness Research Paper EssayAssessing the EnvironmentAs we look to take our business, outside(a) Jean Company, into the perpetually expanding global grocery store, its important that we choose locations that argon going to fit our emergencys. This location selection commodenot but be random, nor raft it be done hastily. Our cadence learning how to be outside(a) Managers dedicate taught us that only through careful research into numerous topics like the Environment, the Geography and Climate, the Culture, and Communication, elicit we really surrender the info necessary to make an informed decision. Thitherfore, we began to look at Denmark, and extensively researched the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that lay onward us here.Denmark is a small special Kwealth with a population of just oer 5 million inhabitants. It has achieved a remark qualified degree of economic success over the last 50 years or so. With gross domestic fruit per head of somewhat $56,000 the country ranks fifth in the world and ahead of both Japan and Germany in terms of purchasing power. This remarkable economic success has been achieved by the Danes thanks, in no small measure, to their prosaic business style.(1) According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, it has the most efficient distribution system, the best labor regulations, and the present moment highest gross domestic product per person. According to Forbes.com, Denmark is the best country to do business in. The danish economys mix of low largeness and low unemployment along with emphasis on entrepreneurship and lower taxes make Denmark an attractive keep company to business investors and entrepreneurs. These qualities feature with high marks for innovation and technological savvy lift Denmark to the top of the business world. Denmark is a country that is filled with many small and medium sized, independently owned businesses.Compared to the rest of t he European Union, Denmark has a importantly less number of large corporations, with the exception of Spain. They are spangn for their top calibre convergenceion standards. danish companies hightail it to concentrate on highly specialized products with a high margin production and hope to a greater extent on product innovation and design favourably of alterments in production technology and determine competitiveness. Many small and medium sized companies are able to have major control over their food market beca consumption they base themselves in small towns and rely on relationships with the community. This makes it difficult for large corporations to take their market share. Although Denmark has a significant list of independent businesses that support its economy, it is highly dependent on foreign address and international cooperation.Denmark is made up of a highly developed infrastructure, an advanced telecommunications system and a learned and stable civilisefor ce. Throughout all relevant levels of the workforce, slope is spoken and written at an exceptionally goodly level. This is a actually beneficial part to the role that Denmark plays in the global market. Geographically, Denmark is in the perfect maculation for international trade. It is in the center of the Scandinavian countries and has easy access to the Northern and Eastern European countries. International surveys show that Denmark has top ratings in transportation, in all modes, energy, communications, and distribution systems.It is overly highly rated in product quality, organizational quality, customer relations, credibility, and favorable debt instrument. Denmarks legal system is real like to those of oppositewise European countries. Foreign business men may find some difficulty in legalities due to the use of civil im dieiality system and statutory law. Unlike the common law system used in countries such(prenominal) as the US, the danish pastry courts are not l imited to the strict lettering of the law, but instead the purpose of the statute. This interpretation is also applied to private obligations. Compared to other countries, lobbying of the presidency is not as common and not as organized as in other countries.Usually, trade bodies will bring up issues to the government instead of individual persons or companies. The most common forms of companies used in Denmark are unexclusive Limited Companies and Private Limited Companies. Denmark is screwn for having a high tax rate although when taking to posting other termss of doing business (wages, benefits, cost of living, etc.) it balances out. The Danish tax regime relies heavily on calculate taxes, such as taxes from labor, but there is little to no dependence on indirect taxes, such as kind security and contributions from employers.Managing InterdependenceDenmark is a significant player in the global market when it comes to favorable responsibility and ethics. It has the lowest rate of corruption of any other countries in the European Union. It also has very strict government regulations and very beneficial reasons to be socially responsible. Since the 1970s, Danish environmental law has developed as part of public, private and European Community law. The topic Agency for Environmental Protection, the National Forest and Nature Agency and the Department of Planning all make up the Ministry of the Environment. The have local anaesthetic anaesthetic and regional councils which are elected by the public and are responsible for environmental and planning procedures that conform to local wishes. Denmark is one of the few countries that have several kinds of green fees and green taxes. This is to motivate companies to use unspotted technologies, resource management, and/or environmental audit and management schemes.In 2008, Danish parliament passed a banknote that forces large corporations to report on their corporate social responsibility (CSR) on their yearly report. The Danish companies that have engaged in CSR have reported that it has had a positive effect on the companies. They claim that piece it is flexible, it does bring up some legal burdens on them. It is the belief of the Danish government that the legal unavoidableness marks the starting point for increased reporting on CSR, and in the forthcoming years the government intends to encourage progress and improvement of Danish businesses CSR work and reporting. Upon this laws implementation, 1100 companies were required to report CSR on their next annual reports. According to the 2009 reports, 89% of the required companies complied and 3% did not comply (8% complied by default because of organism a subsidiary of a company that complied). The most common form of CSR among Danish companies related to environmental and climate issues.According to International Management, by Helen Deresky, Denmark is tied for the number one spot for the country with the least amount of corr uption. This is because the Danish culture has a much to a greater extent direct approach to business practices. They prefer receptivity and honesty, which sometimes seems rude to foreigners. It is clear to see that Denmark is ahead of almost all other countries in being Socially Responsible and having sound business ethics. For a new company, good ethics and social responsibility can be a make-it or break-it issue for a company. In one aspect, these issues can cost the company money. When just beginning, you should try to get your costs to be as low as possible. On the other hand, being viewed as an ethical company and by being socially responsible you improve the image and branding of the company.That will give the public a better perception of the company and can increase the demand for your product. Fortunately, in Denmark, only large companies are legally required to report their activities relating to social responsibility. While it would be a smart choice to make, not having to spend money on social responsibility during the beginning phases of the company will pass on ease for penetrating the market and will allow us to be more socially responsible in the future. Overall, Denmarks cost of doing business is just about the same, if not lower than other countries, and the benefits of doing business in that country are much more significant. As long as our company helps locals and abides by their cultures and their rules, then the company should be very successful.Understanding the mapping of CultureBefore we can truly assure starting our business in Denmark, we need to ascertain the culture of the area. The viability of the economy, the labor market, the work environment, are all crucial to our success overseas. Taking the time to bod a heathen profile of Denmark can help International Jean understand how to transition our business, and our expatriates to a very new experience.We begin our cultural profile by looking at the Government and sparing systems of Denmark. The politics of Denmark could best be described as a Social Democracy though they do have a constitutional monarchy, like England it is a mostly ceremonial position. Elections occur democratically, similar to the linked States without the Electoral College, which leads to a more direct representation of democracy. There are very low levels of corruption, not just in Denmark but in the entirety of the surrounding Nordic countries.As far as picking a market to operate out of, Denmark is a very excellent selection. Denmark has a prosperous, well-developed compound market economy, ranking 16th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) per capita. They use the Nordic Model, which is a version of what is traditionally called a social welfare state The Nordic Model differs from other welfare states with an emphasis on maximizing labor force participation, promoting wage and gender equality, and a large amount of wealth distribution. A so called welfare state goes hand in h and with wealth distribution, citizens can count on monetary support during periods of unemployment and on welfare. The redistribution of wealth goes towards many societal needs, which will be explained further.Furthering supporting our transition, Denmark features low barriers to leave office trade, as well as little product market regulation. In fact, according to OECD rankings, Denmark has one of the highest ratings as far as product market freedom is concerned. We will be able to easily enter into this market, and will have a lot of freedom in regards to product selection, as well as advertising and marketing. This plays into the next few sections of our cultural profile Kinship and military capabilitys towards unemployed and recreation.Denmark, similar to most of the Nordic region, is one of the most liberal nations in Europe. They have an open attitude towards sex, nudity, and freedom of expression. As you walk around cities in Denmark, you can find advertising that feature s risqu situations, and even cursing. The raft of Denmark tend to have a darker sense of humor than what were acclimated to here in the United States, and a good report find ways to poke fun even at traditionally somber topics like death. Though we should be careful of how we utilize humor, both in our advertisements and in our work environment. Though good natured, citizens here tend to intensely dislike any joking at the expense of Denmark and its culture, particularly from outsiders. They are very proud of their country, and their family units reflect this.Families in Denmark are traditionally tight, well-knit units, who enjoy a good quality of life. They tend to live a relaxed lifestyle with a focus on family and friends. Bicycles are one of the overriding ways to travel around, especially in bigger cities like Copenhagen. We come to a big going away between the United States and Denmark, in terms of the attitude towards work. Whereas most Americans work to live, in Denmark the opposite is true. The Danish are taught from an early age to choose a profession that they would enjoy working, as remote to a job taken out of financial necessity.This is reflected on Denmarks tot ups in G.L.O.B.E/ Hofstede cultural dimension rankings in masculinity, which are very low, as well as Uncertainty dodge also being low. This is partly due to the fact that most of the labor market is a part of Trade Unions, as of 2008 Denmark had 67.6% labor union density. There is a partnership between employers, trade unions and the government, whereby these social partners negotiate the terms to regulating the workplace among themselves, rather than the terms being imposed by law. As we transition, we will need to make contact with these unions, and work closely with them to come up with rules and regulations for International Jeans that work for the autochthonic population.Another workplace difference is in the amount of work per week and the vacation time allotted. The Dani sh work an average of 37 hours a week, generally calling it a day around 4pm local time. Expatriates should be made aware that the Danish are not impressed with managers that work 50-60 hours a week. As mentioned previously, they believe in a balance between work and life, and would view those who worked considerably more hours to be less efficient at their jobs. In the United States, there are no laws concerning give vacations or time off. To contrast, in Denmark paid time off is actually mandated by law. The Danish commonly receive a stripped of 5 weeks of vacation, plus national holidays. These are factors we need to consider when hiring local workers.Other characteristics of the Danish work environment include high job mobility, as employees and managers are boost to take risks and make decisions that a more conservative American manager might not make. In general, Danish company activities are less structured and less formal, which is reflected again by the low score in the Uncertainty Avoidance category. There is a low level of Assertiveness on the Hofstede scale, as the strength of unions and the desire of the Danish to care about their work come together to make a highly productive and group oriented workplace. We would do well to hire a lot of local talent immediately.We mentioned the large amount of wealth distribution earlier. Denmark ranks highly on the Collectivism scale. Being a social welfare economy, much of that money is poured into both the Educational system as well as Healthcare. The Danish rearing system provides access to primary school, secondary school and higher education. All university education in Denmark is free there are no tuition fees to enroll in courses. Danish universities and other higher education institutions offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognized qualification in Denmark, and many classes are taught in side of meat. Our company should take advantage of this when looking to hire.In addition to free education, there is also Universal Healthcare for all Danish citizens, paid primarily by taxes. Denmark spends 9.8% of GDP on healthcare. The life expectancy in Denmark is 78.6 years, and there is one doctor for every 294 persons in Denmark. It should be noted, that these social services also leads to a high tax rate for Danish citizens, hovering near 48-49% communication Across CulturesAs we work towards bringing International Jean Co. to Denmark, we need to be aware of the similarities and differences in the way our two countries communicate. The characteristics of that communication, and the interplay between American expatriates and Danish locals will determine how well our new company will function as an overseas entity. We will begin by looking at native talking to, as well as the amount of English saturation in Denmark.The native language of Denmark is Danish, with other regional languages such as Faroese, Greenlandic, and German offi cially recognized. In selecting expatriates, we should look to be choosing managers that are able to speak Danish, or willing to quickly learn. However, we shouldnt feel like the ability to speak the language is mandatory for expatriates. One of the great aspects of setting up our business in Denmark is that there is a very high proportion of Danish citizens who speak English. In the educational system, it is taught as the primary foreign language. English will be spoken and written well by all relevant levels of the workforce. This is further exhibit by the fact that many commercials and advertisements, as well as trademarks, are used directly in Denmark without translation.The people of Denmark are, generally speaking, friendly but blunt in their speech with one another. Concerning Hofstede dimensions, they rank very highly in the Humane category. They tend to shy away from confrontation, so our expatriates are going to need to tread softly when it comes to moment of direct commu nication regarding mistakes or problems. Direct debate is encouraged, but retention confrontational phrasing out of it is important.The Danish tend to be very plain speaking when communicating, which can be mistaken for rudeness in other cultures. Our managers need to be aware of this, so they know that they arent necessarily being insulted when talking about work issues. Like the United States, Denmark is a low-context culture. They tend to be direct and explicit when communicating among one another, and tend not to rely on non-verbal communication. They prefer to have direct conversations, either by phone or face-to-face, though increasingly more electronic communication has taken over.Also like the United States, Denmark is also considered a low-contact culture. They prefer a minimum of an arms length of personal space, and do not enjoy overly aggressive bodily contact. Body language is very restricted, which can make interpreting responses and feedback difficult.Time is anothe r major factor that we as Americans have in common with Denmark. The Danish follow a monochronic time system, which is more one-dimensional in structure as compared to polychronic time. Those practicing monochromic time, such as the Danish, tend to complete tasks one at a time as well as adhere to a stricter schedule. We also share similar views on proxemics, or proximity. The Danish see larger offices and more space as reflective of having more power and esteem. The United States and Denmark have a surprising amount of similarities in how we communicate, both in regards to social communication as well as in a work environment. This should greatly aid International Jean Co. in a smooth transition from the United States to Denmark.Cross-Cultural Negotiation and Decision doThe Negotiation ProcessDanish people of business are usually very experienced in interacting and doing business with visitors from other cultures. They pride themselves on their Danish culture and tend to sometim es not be very open to information or assistance from the outside. Similar to many other countries, people of Denmark waver hands upon meeting. This is also the case when departing. It is good to familiarize yourself with the Danish culture before going in full steam. The Danish official language resembles Swedish and Norwegian, and shares a few commonalities with German, but DO not remark or even assume that they are similar.Most businessmen and women in Denmark speak English well, but it is recommended to stay away from using jargon and slang. Danes like to leave space between themselves when interacting, so be aware of others personal space and try not to be excessively touchy-feely. They usually speak in quiet, gentle tones and interrupting is considered rude. Danes usually do not openly show their emotions. mother well prepared The Danes are meticulous when it comes to analyzing information and proposals. Know your information and bring in copies for your Danish counterpart to examine. Everything should be well organized and do not steer off topic instantly and to the point.Business relationships are oftentimes only fairly important in the country, and are typically not a needed requirement for initial business interactions. Just like your goal is to get to know ones contacts in a host country and build mutual trust before embarking on business discussion and transaction, your counterpart is also trying to learn about you. Danes are alert and appear to be reserved and proceed slow. Once the trust is well known, there will be a sense of allegiance to you as a respected business partner. Denmark is a democratic and understanding country. It can be cohesive to criticize other people or systems. Bosses are expected to be team leaders rather than private decision-makers. In the countrys business culture, the respect a person takes pleasure in depends mainly on his or her achievements. Well-liked personal traits include individual initiative, knowledge, and expertise.To the Danes, duologue is a joint problem solving process and the buyer and seller in a deal are equal partners. The primary negotiation style is cooperative and they believe in the concept win-win. It is powerfully advisable to avoid any open disagreement and to remain calm, friendly, patient, and determined. The Danish believe in information sharing as a way to build trust with their counterparts but this doesnt mean that they are going to say everything. A good part of the communication may be in writing, which Danes often prefer.They move through things rather quick and are less observant over detail. They strive to come together negotiations quickly but this does not mean they will readily accept unfavorable terms. Danes do not like bargaining or haggling such that they do not appreciate aggressive gross sales techniques. They do prefer negotiating in a straightforward and honest style and may use compel techniques. When persuading your counterpart avoid aggre ssive tactics and negotiating with the Danish. If confronted, they will not shy away, but this is almost guaranteed to pretermit your bargaining position rather than strengthen it. It can also eliminate your relationship.Although a verbal agreement can be considered binding and will most likely be kept, do not consider them final. Only a contract that is signed by the two parties makes up a binding agreement. pen contracts are a serious matter in Denmark. It is best to keep them concise without including too many legalistic details. Signing the contract not only shows your commitment but a strong confirmation of your Danish partners commitment also.Works CitedBrunson, Winnon Cultural Perspective A Year in Denmark 2008http//blogs.denmark.dk/winnonDanish Communication Styles 2012http//www.worldbusinessculture.com/Danish-Business-Communication-Style.htmlET R I KBENHAVN FOLKESUNDHED OG KULTUR 2011http//brunsonw.wordpress.com/tag/denmark-and-u-s-cultural-differencesThe Monarchy today The Danish Monarchy 16, June 2012kongehuset.dkETLA The Nordic Modelhttp//www.etla.fi/files/1892_the_nordic_model_complete.pdfThe Nordic Model Nordic Labour Journal In Focus. 2001http//www.nordiclabourjournal.org/i-fokus/in-focus-2001/the-nordic-modelBusiness Negotiations in Denmarkhttp//www.danishnet.com/info.php/business/negotiation-76.htmlBusiness Etiquette in Denmarkhttp//www.danishnet.com/info.php/business/meeting-etiquette-38.htmlNegotiating International Business The Negotiators Reference Guide to 50 Countries Around the World Katz, Lothar. 2007www.globalnegotiationresources.com/cou/Denmark.pdfDoing Business in Denmark Kroman, Reumart. 11 February, 2005. www.mittlerer-niederhein.ihk.de/media/upload/ihk/imap//daenemark_doing_business_050211