Saturday, December 28, 2019

Cost Accounting and the Lean Production Philosophy

Cost accounting and the lean production philosophy By Tyrone Williams AIU Online September1, 2012 Abstract As Dr. Stephanie White prepares to cope with the a steep reduction in the budgetary allocation to the Uptown Clinic she must carefully determine which areas to cut while striving to maintain current levels of service. This essay will offer advice Dr. White on preparing for budget cuts. It will also discuss the lean production philosophy and how this compares with typical production. This essay will also describe the differences between managerial accounting and cost accounting. There are many strategies that Dr. White could employed to adequately mitigate the negative impact of reduced budgetary allocations to†¦show more content†¦This philosophy is now generally accepted as the ideal business model of the 21st century and replaces the mass production philosophy of the previous century. On the website www.1000advices.com Mr. Vadim Kotelnikov, Inventor of inspirational Business e-Coaching states that the lean production philosophy â€Å"is about doing more with less: less time, inventory, space, labor, and money. Lean manufacturing, a shorthand for a commitment to eliminating waste, simplifying procedures and speeding up production (www.1000advices.com). At its very core, this philosophy employs a systematic approach to the elimination of waste in seven key areas. These areas could be summarized as eliminating overproduction and producing only what customers’ need; eliminating unnecessary delay, down or idle time; streamlining inventory processes to eliminate unnecessary purchasing and storing of raw materials; prevent over-processing by removing any unnecessary steps in processes or procedures; streamlining the motion/movement of people and equipment; eliminating transportation delays and unnecessary material handling and reducing defective products and the cost to repair/replace them (www.1000advices.com). As is obvious by now, there are clear differences between typical production process and the lean production model. Suited for the mass production strategy of the last century, the manufacturing cycle of the typical production process primarily engages in cost accounting whether periodic orShow MoreRelatedDescribe the Difference in Managerial Accounting vs. Cost Accounting1479 Words   |  6 PagesDescribe how managerial accounting is different from cost accounting. Cost accounting is the process of tracking, recording and analyzing costs associated with a company’s product or project. Internal managers are the ones who normally use cost accounting information. Direct Costs, Indirect Costs and Overhead/Absorbed Costs are usually what are measured in Cost Accounting. This information is then used by managers when decisions are made dealing with company costs and how to improve the profitRead MoreThe Theory Of Constraints Of Lean Thinking1128 Words   |  5 Pagesand functioning have become very complicated due to increasing competition, increasing cost, decreasing profit margins and economic instability. Hence, manufacturers strive hard to obtain maximum output with the available input in order to ensure the optimum utilization of scarce resources. This includes measuring the value of inputs against the value of outputs which implies, matching cost per unit of production against the value of output or selling price. There have been a num ber of practices implementedRead MoreCost Management Techniques And Accounting Principles937 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Cost management techniques and accounting principles used in the 1950s and 1960s have not changed dramatically in their ability to help in managing the development and innovation in productivity and business philosophy.† (Northrup, 2004, p. 2) Ideally businesses running today use the same methodology which was used in the past 60 years however, management procedures over the past century has changed. If we were to look in the past, we would understand that most manufacturing industries began toRead MoreEssay about Lean Versus Traditional Production and Company’s Cost1064 Words   |  5 PagesHow lean versus traditional production might affect a management accountant trying to calculate a company’s costs.  How would the information a management accountant would use to determine company costs change depending on type of production? Gaurav Agnihotri BU510 Module #2 March 8, 2013 . TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERS | | I. | Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | 3 | II. | Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | 4 | III. | Company cost in traditional production system †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. | 5 | Read MoreLean Vs. Lean Manufacturing Industry1049 Words   |  5 Pages Lean accountings primary use is in the manufacturing industry. A lean manufacturing company in which lean accounting is used looks to attack wastes in all forms. This in turn reduces the cost of goods sold. Lean accounting instead uses value stream costing. â€Å"Lean accounting experts believe that accounting itself can be lean, which can contribute to profit rather than just calculating it. Cost do not exist to be calculated. Costs exist to be reduced† (Taiichi Ohno). Lean accounting accentuatesRead MoreWausau Equipment Company Case Study Essay925 Words   |  4 Pageslot by introducing lean strategy. The management’s next step should be in making further Lean improvements. As we know, â€Å"SIMPA† is widely used in Lean process. â€Å"SIMPA† stands for Specify Value, Identify Value Stream, Make it Flow, Pull and Always Improving. These phases draw a big and long-term picture to lead a team logically from detecting the problems to solving the problems and make sure that the team can sustain the achievement and keep improving. In this case, the lean project was plannedRead MoreRequirements Planning System For Replenishment Planning1308 Words   |  6 PagesVasilievic, 2014). Because of the uncertainty in demand and supply, a need for optimizing inventory control procedures exists. The goal of the manufacturer is to devise production and supply procedures that minimize the average holding cost and stock-out cost. A supply chain management challenge is to control the capital cost of raw material by keeping stock levels down while simultaneously providing a high level of customer service. However, these often conflicting objectives requir e a customizableRead MoreRequirements Planning System For Replenishment Planning1284 Words   |  6 PagesVasilievic, 2014). Because of the uncertainty in demand and supply, a need for optimizing inventory control procedures exists. The goal of the manufacturer is to devise production and supply procedures that minimize the average holding cost and stock-out cost. A supply chain management challenge is to control the capital cost of raw material by keeping stock levels down while simultaneously providing a high level of customer service. These often conflicting objectives require a customizable materialRead MoreSwot Analysis : Lean Manufacturing1892 Words   |  8 Pagescorrectly, lean manufacturing also known as lean thinking creates an atmosphere where competitive advantages and success is attainable. Due to the successful nature of this strategy, organizations other than manufacturing, have implemented lean thinking with a favorable outcome. Discussed below is the establish ment of lean thinking, the steps of 5S, which is the tool utilized to lay the groundwork of lean thinking, and distinct differences between traditional cost accounting practices and lean accountingRead MoreThe 5s Methods As A Method Of Eliminating Waste1369 Words   |  6 Pagesfull meaning of the 5S are Seiri means sort, Seiton - straighten, Seiso means shine, Seiketsu means standardize and Shitsuke means sustain. Sort: This is the first step of the 5S and it explains that materials, equipment that are rarely used in the production process should be cleared out by red-tagging. Red- tagging is when materials are placed in the closest, nearest or distance location depending on the quantity, frequency of how they are often used and needed. Each step are completed before the next

Friday, December 20, 2019

A Thousand Splendid Suns - Critical Analysis Paper

The Life Story, Struggle, and Self Sacrifice of Two Courageous Women 10. The driver who takes Babi, Laila, and Tariq to the giant stone Buddhas above the Bamiyan Valley describes the crumbling fortress of Shahr-e-Zohak as â€Å"the story of our country, one invader after another†¦ we’re like those walls up there. Battered, and nothing pretty to look at, but still standing.† Discuss the metaphorical importance of this passage as it relates to Mariam and Laila. In what ways does their story reflect the larger story of Afghanistan’s troubled history? In the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns Khalid Hosseini highlights the escalating conflicts in the Middle East and the fates of two Afghani women by highlighting†¦show more content†¦Nana told her that there wouldn’t be any shortage of things she would endure and she was right. Laila in contrast has a little bit different of a story but she as well had to endure many tragedies and loss. Laila wasn’t a harami and she had both of her parents. Her life growing up was a lot less traumatic but she stood out because she had blonde hair and green eyes. Laila is also much prettier than Mariam and is able to go to school and get an education. He father is a teacher and she has two brothers that she has never met because they left to join the jihad against the Soviets. At this point in the novel Hosseini shows how the war is escalating and this becomes more predominant in the proceeding chapters. The war has been going on for eight years and the Soviets were losing. Laila struggles to have a relationship with her mother, however, this is very difficult because her mother only talks about her brothers and really neglects her by not showing her affection. Mammy has good and bad days but usually just bad ones. She lies in bed all day and sometimes she won’t even leave her room for many days at a time. Laila’s best friend is Tariq and he is missing one of his legs from a land mine. As Laila and Tariq get older they actually become lovers and the war is moving closer to Kabul. Babi took Laila and Tariq to see their countries heritage by taking a day trip to The Red City called Shahr-e-Zohak. TheShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages E SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

OkinawaN Culture, Customs and Traditions Essay Sample free essay sample

Remembering Ryukyu Not many people outside Japan know much about Okinawa other than it’s the southernmost district of Japan. But prior to going a prefecture. Okinawa wasn’t ever a portion of Japan. in fact. it did hold a separate faith. distinguishable civilization and its ain political system. which most likely contrasts the Nipponese domain ( Taira. 1997. p. 142 ) . In the yesteryear. Okinawa served as an international meeting topographic point for its adjacent states such as China. mainland Japan. Korea. Philippines and other states of Southeast Asia. The island enjoyed cultural dealingss from these states while its trade industry flourished ( Taira. 1997. p. 140 ) . Assortment is the trademark of Okinawan civilization. which is why it was besides labeled aChanpurucivilization. Chanpuru is an mundane dish prepared by the Okinawans by stir-frying miscellaneous veggies along with Tofu and porc. This dish represents Okinawa’s historical willingness to borrow cultural elements from foreigners and incorporate them with their ain. Another symbolic representative of this cultural merger is the brilliant Shurijo Castle. which incorporates Nipponese and Chinese architectural characteristics. Okinawans are a mixture of Malay from Formosa and Philippines. Chinese from China. and Nipponese ( Yamato ) from Japan. But culturally. they are closer to Filipino and Chinese than mainland Nipponese ( Minahan. 2002. p. 1458 ) . Well the Chinese had profound influence upon the indigens of Okinawa. this was in position of their version of the Chinese lunar calendar. the one-year rhythm of festivals.feng-shui( geomancy ) ( Hidekazu. 2003 ) . Confucian doctrine and pattern of hereditary ceremonials and rites ( Smits. 1999. p. 13 ) . Okinawans observe â€Å"ancestral veneration† a ritual they’ve likely learned from the Chinese every bit good. Okinawan’s believe their ascendants have the power to mediate with fate. which explains why they worship their dead ancestors—to give award. Although most of what’s seen at the small town is no longer portion of the Okinawans’ life today. some traditions born in the Ryukyu Kingdom epoch have lasted through t he old ages. Weaving is one illustration of their abiding tradition. This pattern makes usage of wooden looms to make designs and forms that mirrors Okinawa’s simpleness. Turning sugar cane and exporting sweet harvest is another long-standing usage on the island. which up to this twenty-four hours is conscientiously done by manus. Fabrics likeBingata.Bashofu. Tsuboya clayware. Ryukyu lacquerware and Ryukyu anil were merely a few of their admired wealths. It was nevertheless through Music. play. literature. even cooking particularly their diet. the Okinawans successfully foreground their strong cultural singularity. Karate on the other manus. has been considered as the most noteworthy cultural export of Okinawa. Karate is thought to be a combination of traditional Okinawan Martial humanistic disciplines with Chinese kung fu. It is believed to be the result of its close ties with China and its great influence to the Okinawan civilization ( Byrd. 2003 ) Unlike the reserved Japanese. Okinawans. are known for their courtesy. heat. generousness. and fairness ( Minahan. 2002. p. 1458 ) . Possibly the major differentiation between Okinawans and Nipponese can be drawn based on their gender dealingss. For the Japanese. particularly in the past. everything revolves around adult male and his domination. On the contrary. Okinawan civilization is built with a strong matriarchal orientation while the Japanese has strong patriarchal. In Okinawan civilization the adult male held a â€Å"political hierarchy. † while the adult female held a â€Å"religious hierarchy. † Together they work in harmonio usness to raise a household or land. In this island. a adult female appointed as the main priestess was about equal to that of the male monarch ( Sered. 1999. p. 13 ) . At present. Okinawa being a prefecture has non diminished its individuality in the shadow of Japan. Rather. Okinawan vivacious cultural patterns have contributed in battalion. strengthening the historical background of its female parent state. Mentions Hassan. I. ( 1997 ) . Fringy Literature at the Exploded Center: an Okinawan Instance.World Literature Today. 71( 1 ) . 13-21. Retrieved February 3. 2008. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=95177717 Hidekazu. S. ( 2003 ) . On Cognitive Aspects of Rhetorical Time Reckoning: Metaphor and Image-Schema in Calendrical Divination in Okinawa.Asiatic Folklore Studies. 62( 2 ) . 291+ . Retrieved February 3. 2008. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=5006598793 Hook. G. D. A ; Siddle. R. ( Eds. ) . ( 2003 ) .Japan and Okinawa: Structure and Subjectivity. New York: RoutledgeCurzon. Retrieved February 3. 2008. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=108417693 Minahan. J. ( 2002 ) .Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World( Vol. 3 ) . Westport. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Retrieved February 3. 2008. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=101434921 Sered. S. ( 1999 ) .Womans of the Sacred Groves: Divine Priestesses of Okinawa. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved February 3. 2008. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=59783888 Smits. G. ( 1999 ) .Visions of Ryukyu: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politicss. Honolulu. HI: University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved February 3. 2008. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=11250224 Taira. K. ( 1997 ) . 6 Troubled National Identity. InJapan’s Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity. Weiner. M. ( Ed. ) ( pp. 140-173 ) . London: Routledge. Retrieved February 3. 2008. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=104119457

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Leadership and Change Management for Services- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership and Change Management for Professional Services. Answer: Change has become a necessary factor across global professional service organizations. While working as a change agent in a Professional Services Organization and making progress related to change management strategy, there are various steps that need to be accommodated (Appelbaum et. al., 2012). In any change management procedure, it becomes imperative to adopt a suitable communication strategy that can address employee resistance to change. The following are some strategies that can allow communicating in a situation where the organization is facing resistance to change. Patient listening: Communication is the key to overcome resistance to any type of change. Initiating communication from employees side can help instill confidence in them and prevent frustration. Once employees are able to voice their opinions and their thoughts are reflected then it becomes easier to arrive at the root cause to resistance. Communicating reason for change: Communicating to employees regarding reasons for change can help develop effective communications (Frankland, et.al., 2008). Developing a communication plan can help focus on target audience and focus on areas that they care about or changes that will benefit them. Clear communication has been regarded as an effective strategy in communicating towards the process of change. Demonstrate Excitement: An integral communication strategy involves way in which communication is made. Once a change agent or leader is able to depict excitement he feels towards the change procedure, then it becomes easier to convince the same to employees. A wholehearted communication related to the change will allow transfer the excitement and help. Focus on Employees: All communication need to be focused in a manner that highlights changes that employees will be approached with (Ford, Ford, D'Amelio, 2008). Communicating clearly with detailed plans will employee gain clear insight and reduce their resistance to change. Reference Lists Appelbaum, S.H., Habashy, S., Malo, J.L. and Shafiq, H., 2012. Back to the future: revisiting Kotter's 1996 change model.Journal of Management Development,31(8), pp.764-782. Ford, J.D., Ford, L.W. and D'Amelio, A., 2008. Resistance to change: The rest of the story.Academy of management Review,33(2), pp.362-377. Frankland, R., Mitchell, C. M., Ferguson, J. D., Sziklai, A. T., Verma, A. K., Popowski, J. E., Sturgeon, D. H. (2008).U.S. Patent No. 7,356,482. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Single Parent Childhood Essay Example Essay Example

Single Parent Childhood Essay Example Paper Single Parent Childhood Essay Introduction The proportion of children living in single-parent families has increased noticeably around the world since 1960, and this increase has been particularly noteworthy in the United States. The United States has a higher proportion of single-parent households than that of any other developed country. The proportion of children in the United States living with merely one parent amplified from nine percent in 1960 to thirty percent in 1997. Although there are differences in the occurrence of single-parent families across ethnic groups, with nearly forty-seven percent of African American children living in single-parent families, this increase had an effect on all groups of Americans (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 2000). Given present divorce and remarriage trends, demographers envisage that more than half of all America’s children will spend some part of their formative years in a single-parent family.A broad range of research from sociologists and psychologists has revealed that chi ldren of single-parent families are more probable to have difficulties with emotional as well as psychological adjustment and with school performance and educational attainment, and they are as well more probable to have behavioral adjustment problems, later marriage, and earlier childbearing compared with children of two-parent families. Since single-parent children come into view more vulnerable to a wide variety of societal problems, these children have been regularly referred to as at risk for developmental difficulties. Though, new studies that have appeared within the past decade are raising questions regarding these families and whether or not children growing up in single-parent families are necessarily at risk, mainly in the child’s early years.To say that a child is at risk is a statistical statement, representing that, probabilistically speaking, children in single-parent families are usually more probable to have developmental difficulties than other children are. One of the causes children from single-parent families may be at risk is that single-parent families are as well disproportionately poor compared with other families. According to the research, no other major demographic group is so poor and no other group stays poor for so long. International studies demonstrate that poverty rates are higher among children in single-parent families than those in all other family types in every country studied.Data from the 2000 census point out that thirty-four percent of single-parent homes headed by a woman and sixteen percent of single-parent families headed by a man live in poverty. As a result of poverty alone, many children of single parents grow up in deteriorated and dangerous neighborhoods, frequently with inferior housing and educational systems. How much of the single-parent risk status is related to poverty and how much of the single-parent risk status is because of other factors too associated with single-parent families are questions with significant psychological and social policy implications.More and more, signs have emerged that perceptions and acceptance of single-parent families are changing. Increasingly single-parent families are emerging very obviously on the national scene, and the public has turn out to be more accustomed to seeing them. When Ingrid Bergman conceived a child out of wedlock in 1950, writers of the movie star columns were aghast, and Ingrid Bergman was efficiently blackballed for almost a decade from the American screen. In the 1990s, derision and concern greeted the television character Murphy Brown’s birth of her out-of-wedlock child. Though, in the year 2000, Madonna, a real-life rock star, birthed a baby son Rocco, and the event was greeted with as much joy and interest as the birth of any baby to a prominent rock star. Soon after Rocco’s birth, Madonna married the child’s father; there may have been more interest in Madonna’s following marriage than in the birth of her child. Could this be pinpointing of a changing view of nonmarital births? Could public perceptions of social clocks and developmental sequences of â€Å"first marriage, then baby carriage† be changing at the start of the twenty-first century? Could changes in public views of births to single parents as well be related to changes in our understanding of the risks related to growing up in a single-parent home?To untie the multiple factors that may be related to our understanding of whether or not children of single-parent families are at risk, it is essential to recognize the many similar and different characteristics of single-parent families. One of the most significant characteristics of single-parent families and their children is their heterogeneity. Though about half of all children growing up in single-parent families live in poverty, several do not. In the same way, contrary to stereotypical views and journalistic ravings, not all single-mother families are on welfare. While many single mothers draw funds from public assistance, more than half do not.The phenomenological experience of growing up in a single-parent family varies depending on the nature of the family, the experiences of the parent, plus the family context. Single parents may be divorced, widowed, or unmarried; they may be teenaged or older; they may have been previously married or not. Even though most single parents are women, the number of male single parents is increasing. While legally single, some parents classified by Census statisticians and researchers as single may be living in a committed, partnered relationship not lawfully acknowledged. These statistically single parents are frequently rearing their children in the context of a committed, partnered relationship. For some single parents, becoming a single parent could have been a planned and conscious decision; for others it was not.Some single parents may have chosen to have and to rear their children wi th another adult parent; they became single parents when this partnership did not work out, ensuing in divorce, separation, or widowhood. Further single parents may have decided to become parents knowing that they would be without partners. The unity across these varied types of single parents is that the parent does not have a legally married partner in the home. How these individuals came to be parents, the choices they made, as well as the experiences that were thrust on them, all have differential implications for their family’s life circumstances.Differences in how the parents came to be single parents have an effect on individuals’ employment, their financial circumstances, their relationships with other adults, their involvement with their child, and their competence as parents. The etiology of the parent’s single parenthood as well may have implications for the child’s perceptions and experiences growing up. For instance, imagine that ten children from different types of single-parent families are brought together to talk about their experiences. They would explain many common experiences, such as not having enough money, missing their mothers or fathers, plus problems getting along with their single parent. These concerns, though, do not differ from those of children living in all families. Those issues that are sole to single-parent families are issues for which there are large individual differences across single-parent families. Depending on their age, children from lately divorced single-parent families might talk of anger at their parents’ separation, of fights between mom and dad over custody and child support, and regarding what happens on dad’s day for visitation.Some children of divorce may wonder why dad and mom are not living together anymore; others may be relieved to be free lastly from the marital discord. Children of widowed single parents may be mourning their parent’s loss, while childr en of adolescent single mothers may have difficulty with mom’s inexperienced as well as immature ways and wonder when mom will ever finish going to school. Children of never-married mothers might wonder about their father, who he is, and what he is like. Some children may be confused regarding who their fathers are, and why they are not around, while other children, although a minority, may be learning to live without a mother. Some children may feel isolated and alone, while others are living in cramped households, with not too much in the way of material goods however plenty of people to be with and love. Researchers need to unravel these various psychological experiences to recognize what it is about the single-parent family that might contribute to the at-risk status of these children.Children are often less cared for and more overburdened by accountabilities following divorce. Needy, distressed, lonely, or angry parents possibly will force children into the role of serva nt, caretaker, adviser, confidant, helper, defender, or arbitrator. Some accountability and nurturing of others may improve development and show the way to more responsible, competent, empathic behavior in adulthood, particularly in daughters. Excessively high demands may show the way to competence and responsibility accompanied by feelings of self-doubt, sadness, low self-esteem, a lurking sense of failure, and apprehension regarding performance and personal adequacy in young adult daughters. In analyses of adjustment, divorced girls were more probable than nondivorced girls to fall into a cluster labeled â€Å"Competent at a cost,† typified by low antisocial behavior, high social and cognitive agency, and high social accountability however as well by elevated depression and low self-worth. Girls with highly emotionally parentifying mothers were overrepresented in this cluster.Boys are less probable to be leaned on for emotional support by parents, and moderate levels of bot h instrumental and emotional parentification can augment accountability in adult sons. Though, boys are more sensitive than girls to emotional parentification by fathers and are more probable to resist, rebel, and withdraw from the family when extreme paternal emotional parentification or instrumental parentification occurs, while they also are often anxious and depressed. Although divorced parents may lean on children, children cannot resolve their parents’ problems or save a lonely, unhappy, angry, or distressed parent. The costs to children may be great in the loss of normal childhood experiences and pleasures and opportunities for individuation and liberty from an entangled relationship. (Gringlas, M., and Weinraub, M, 1995) Single Parent Childhood Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Parental Substance Abuse And Safeguarding Children Social Work Essay Essay Example

Parental Substance Abuse And Safeguarding Children Social Work Essay Essay Example Parental Substance Abuse And Safeguarding Children Social Work Essay Essay Parental Substance Abuse And Safeguarding Children Social Work Essay Essay Substance abuse causes considerable injury and is soon an huge planetary issue of public concern. It is a wide-ranging job, damaging persons, households and full communities. In general, substance abuse is non merely turning well within the United Kingdom, but besides worldwide. Simultaneously, the figure of kids involved in the barbarous circle of drug pickings and job imbibing by their parents is besides increasing. Although authoritiess, policy shapers and practicians are acknowledging the job and taking stairss towards undertaking the effects of substance maltreatment within households ; the issue in general seems far from being solved. Alcohol is lawfully available and easy accessible throughout England. It is positively associated with socialization, loosen uping and observing. Although jobs linked to inordinate intoxicant ingestion are widespread and good established, it seems that intoxicant abuse is someway more socially accepted and does non hold the same stigma as utilizing drugs. Consequently, the issue of intoxicant maltreatment, particularly in households with kids, frequently remains undiscovered, and the negative impact and effects of the inordinate imbibing behavior of parents on kids remain under-recognized and ignored. Estimates by the Prime Minister s Strategy Unit ( 2004 ) are that between 780,000 and 1,3 million kids in England are ( in ) straight affected by an intoxicant job of at least one parent in other words: 1 in 11 kids live in a family where intoxicant abuse is present. While intoxicant and the negative effects associated with its uncontrolled usage have been around and good documented for centuries, the drug industry has merely been developing and turning quickly over the last few old ages. Concordant with the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs ( 2003 ) up to 300,000 kids or 3 % of all kids under 16 presently belong to a household where one or two of their parents struggle with a unsafe drug issue. Parental substance abuse is besides non unheard of in societal services caseloads with one one-fourth to one tierce of households known to societal services as being involved with misapplying drugs or intoxicant ( Cleaver et al. , 1999 ; Kearney et al. , 2003 ) . Many of these kids do at least temporarily non unrecorded with their addicted parents. Puting these figures together, more than 10 % of all kids in England are exposed to endure under the effects of their parental drug or intoxicant abuse and it is highly likely that these Numberss will go on to turn over the undermentioned old ages. It seems besides sensible to believe that the official figures of affected kids may be under-estimating the true graduated table of the job as it is highly hard to cipher how many households have to get by with some signifier or the other of substance maltreatment ( Templeton, 2006 ) . First, non all drug and intoxicant services take proper attention to set up whether or non their clients are besides parents and 2nd, non all clients are willing to supply information about the being of ain kids. Third, some establishments do non unwrap figures, collect informations decently or be given to under-report ; and 4th, cipher knows how many substance misuser are non seeking intervention and, hence do non look on any official statistics ( Keen et a l. , 2001 ; ACMD, 2003 ) . Consequently, losing informations and a clear underestimation of the entire figure of affected kids by parental substance abuse seem obvious. Substance maltreatment can include negative physical ( such as wellness hazards and disregard ) , psychological ( such as fond regard upsets and depression ) every bit good as societal ( such as poorness and offense ) influences on both parents and their kids ( Kroll et al. , 2000 ) . Parental intoxicant and drug maltreatment can impact kids s wellness and development in the long term from every bit early as construct and frequently into maturity, taking to changing signifiers of strong, inauspicious and complex effects ( Turning Point, 2006 ) . Additionally, all imaginable types of kid ill-treatment have repeatedly been associated and clarified in assorted surveies with parental substance abuse including carelessness ( as the most common type of maltreatment ) , sexual, emotional and physical maltreatment ( Cleaver et al. , 1999 ; Alison, 2000 ; Forrester et al. , 2006 ) . The impact of intoxicant and/or drugs may besides significantly affect the parent s capacity of equal parentin g ( Alison, 2000 ) . The negative impact of a dependence on the substance misuser himself can take to helter-skelter life styles, perplexing and forestalling parents to back up and care for their ain kids, run intoing their basic demands and supplying a safe and encouraging place environment ( Keen et al. , 2001 ; Home Office, 2008 ) . With the cognition that parental abuse of certain substances can hold a earnestly negative impact on kids s physical, psychological and emotional wellness and development, it is indispensable that these kids potentially at hazard are identified every bit early as possible in order to set up for appropriate protection and safeguard their public assistance ( Nottingham City, 2004 ) . This is the duty of all professionals in different scopes of services ; they all must be able to place and handle substance abuse related jobs by grownups, and besides concentrate on the jobs of affected kids ( Keen and Alison, 2001 ) . Therefore, progressively more research is being done, policy enterprises started and family-supporting services and undertakings have developed quickly ( Templeton et al. , 2006 ) . Although considerable advancement has been made in acknowledging and undertaking the job of substance maltreatment and the issue has won much public consciousness in the last old ages, unhappily , the decease of kids through the custodies of their parents recalls that the system still fails to safeguard kids at hazard. Professionals face a assortment of frequently complex issues and battle with working unimpeded. The most common jobs are a deficiency of apprehension, deriving entree to the substance misuser and their kids, resiliency, quandary about confidentiality and information sharing, inter-agency tensenesss, appraisal, deficiency of preparation and the ability to concentrate on both, grownups and kids s demands ( Kroll and Taylor, 2000 ; Taylor and Kroll, 2004 ) . Without a uncertainty, alterations and new attacks are needed, and through joint appraisal, better information sharing and inter-agency cooperation, the focal point should be on effectual intercession and intervention for the substance misuser every bit good as of the so far frequently unseeable and neglected kids ( Kroll and Talyor, 2000 ; Head of Safeguarding Children, 2008 ) . The first subdivision of this essay describes effects and causes associated with parental substance maltreatment. It highlights the impact of drug and intoxicant abuse on the fetus during gestation and subsequently on the kid from newborn to adulthood, every bit good as resiliency and protective factors for affected kids. Part two focal points on professionals: their duties sing kids s safeguarding and the challenges they face when confronted with substance abuse. The 3rd subdivision covers the legal model of safeguarding kids and other related political steps. The 4th subdivision examines the advancement made so far by looking at different undertakings, intercessions implemented and recent developments. In contrast, subdivision five gives an penetration into world, indicating out some of the most obvious jobs and recent incidents. It touches exhaustively discussed issues such as information sharing, inter-agency cooperation and preparation. The last subdivision considers purposes an d ends, their execution and suggests recommendations for a more effectual scheme in the hereafter. Throughout this article substance misuse/abuse refers to the usage either dependent usage or associated with inauspicious effects of prescribed ( such as tranquillizers, kiping pills, pain-killers, sedatives ) and illicit ( such as opioids, cocaine, rapture, hemp ) drugs every bit good as intoxicant ( Newcastle Child Protection, 2002 ) with critical societal, interpersonal, fiscal, physical and psychological negative effects for both the users and those around them ( ACMD, 2003 ) . 78 SUBSTANCE MISUSE AND EFFECTS ON PARENTS AND THEIR CHILDREN There is sensible footing in research to propose that a kid whose parent is misapplying substances is at increased hazard. Substance abuse can demand a important proportion of a parent s clip, money and energy, which will inescapably cut down resources available to the kid. Substance abuse may besides set the kid at an increased hazard of disregard and emotional, physical or sexual maltreatment, either by the parent or because the kid becomes more vulnerable to mistreat by others ( Lewis, 1997 ) Parental substance maltreatment does non needfully intend that kids are at hazard of injury or in demand or have hapless rearing in some instances they would non even be affected in a negative manner ( Newcastle Child Protection, 2002 ) . However, merely a few kids will non hold to cover with multiple, mounting and changing negative effects and survive such a complex issue wholly unharmed. While a concrete form of effects can neer be clearly determined due to the complexness of the issue, many of the kids may be for good affected in an inauspicious mode, either emotionally, physically, socially, intellectually or developmentally ( ACPC, 2004 ) . Problems include a assortment of wellness and developmental issues, uneffective parenting, condemnable activity, poorness, helter-skelter life styles and educational attainment, and have long been underestimated and an abandoned research field ( Keen and Alison, 2001 ; HM Government, 2008 ) . The Children Act ( 1989, s17 ( 10 ) ) defines a kid in demand as improbable to accomplish or keep, or to hold the chance of accomplishing or keeping, a sensible criterion of wellness or development without the proviso for him of services by a local authorization ; his wellness or development is likely to be significantly impaired, or farther impaired, without the proviso for him of such services ; or he is handicapped . In this context injury means ill-treatment ( sexual maltreatment and signifiers of maltreatment which are non physical ) or damage of wellness ( physical or mental wellness ) or development ( physical, rational, emotional, societal or behavioral development ) ( The Children Act 1989, s31 ( 9 ) ) . Among 100s of other prescribable substances, intoxicant and opiates should be reduced or avoided at all during gestation. Although it is non possible to measure all the effects of drugs and intoxicant to a full extend on a foetus, it is known that it can be damaging at any clip during gestation ( from construct onwards up to deliver, with the first 3 months being peculiarly vulnerable ) , doing a assortment of wellness and development jobs. Babies whose female parents were dependent on opiates or intoxicant during their gestation are more likely to be smaller, of lower birth weight, premature and at higher hazard of the sudden baby decease ( ACMD, 2003 ) . Additionally the addicted female parents affected wellness and her perchance hapless nutrition ( high degrees of sugar, non adequate Ca, proteins, fruits and veggies ) frequently have an extra negative impact on the foetus physical and psychical development and the babe s wellness. If an unborn is exposed to maternal intoxicant maltreatment, this can non merely take to the familiar serious damages related to substance maltreatment mentioned before, but besides to a unusually common developmental job known as Foetal Alcohol Syndrome. Foetal Alcohol Syndrome includes a series of possible effects on kids such as larning disablements, bosom defects, lower organic structure weight, decreased tallness, facial malformations, vision and hearing troubles, ADD ( Attention Deficit Disorder ) , ADHD ( Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ) , behavior upset and inappropriate behavior ( Dore et al. , 1995 ) . Expecting adult females sharing injection equipment or working as cocottes to finance their drug usage, live with the changeless menace of being infected with HIV or hepatitis B ; for kids born to drug dependent female parents who are infected with HIV, hepatitis C or hepatitis B, there is besides a unusually elevated hazard to be besides infected during gestation, birth or while being breastfed ( ACMD, 2003 ) . Heavy and prolonged maternal substance maltreatment, both opiates and intoxicant, will really probably expose the kid to the Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, which is a term for a scope of jobs a newborn may meet when retreating from exposure to narcotics. Typical symptoms include high-pitched and overly long periods of weeping, shuddering, sneezing, sudating and temperature, purging and diarrhoea, feeding troubles, disturbed kiping forms, paroxysms, , crossness and hyperactivity, high sensitiveness to touch, wild suction, rapid external respiration and cardiac action ( Marcory and Harbin, 2000 ) . Despite the opportunity that appropriate prenatal attention from the beginning would increase the possibility of a healthy and normal gestation and satisfactory development of the foetus, female parents involved with substance dependance frequently do non seek antenatal attention, peculiarly due to their fright of being stigmatized. ( Newcastle Child Protection, 2002 ) . As a babe grows older, the likeliness of sing some negative effects due to its parents substance maltreatment is non diminished in any manner and the impact will change well, depending on several factors such as the kid s age and phase of development. The constitution of a decent, confident and unafraid relationship to at least one health professional in the early months has widely been recognized as the foundation of a kid s normal development. However, kids of substance misapplying parents frequently experience parental inaccessibility, inconsistent attention and conflictual relationships ( ACMD, 2003 ) . A wont frequently lets a parent focal point more on geting and utilizing his drugs or intoxicant instead than its kids s demands. Poisoning and get bying with backdowns symptoms lead to limited clip, attending and emotional inaccessibility ( Kroll and Taylor, 2000 ) . Further, kids of drug and intoxicant maltreaters frequently have to see an implemented impermanent or lasting separation or loss of a parent due to abandonment, hospitalization, imprisonment, intervention, remotion or other exigencies ( ACMD, 2003 ) . All these points contribute to life-long complicated and insecure fond regard. The above-specified jobs normally besides affect the nature and quality of parenting, which in bend frequently of course consequences in farther troubles in a kid s development ( ACMD, 2003 ) . Research proves that many substance mistreating parents lack model theoretical accounts for rearing as they have received hapless parenting and ill-treatment themselves ( Keen and Alison, 2001 ) . As dependance on a substance becomes cardinal, parents are more likely to pretermit their kids which bears assorted hazards and dangers them, irrespective of their age group. Children may be inadequately supervised or left entirely at place, exposed to preventable accidents and/or hurts ( Kroll and Taylor, 2000 ) . But non merely kids are at hazard of accidents, besides drugged or bibulous grownups are exposed to a higher degree of self-induced incidents such as falls, burying nutrient on the goblin or falling asleep with still glowing coffin nails. Parents with an dependence repeatedly besides tend to be unable to carry through their kids s ain basic demands so day-to-day hygiene, a balanced diet and general wellness may endure every bit good as stableness, modus operandis ( such as bedtimes, acquiring up and out for school ) and boundaries ( Alison, 2000 ) . Further wellness hazards may be provoked non taking kids s everyday wellness assignments or jobs earnestly plenty or careless disposal and hence easy entree to drugs, bottles, panpipes and acerate leafs ( Kroll and Taylor, 2000 ; Alison, 2000 ) . There is besides noteworthy danger for kids that have observed their parents utilizing substances, copying them ( ACMD, 2003 ) . Girl, 2, dies imbibing her female parent s dolophine hydrochloride ( 2002 ) Boy, 2, died after taking parents dolophine hydrochloride ( 2006 ) Boy, 14, dies after imbibing dolophine hydrochloride at his aunt s level ( 2008 ) Another effect of parental inaccessibility is that kids are frequently left entirely with day-to-day adult/parental duties such as caring for their younger siblings, run intoing their parents demands, managing fundss and family jobs ( Kroll, 2004 ) . Such extra and unequal duties may in bend consequence in the loss of societal chances and hapless academic public presentation of child- some research gives grounds that kids miss school ( on a regular basis ) by being kept at place due to caring duties and left with small clip to socialise. Social isolation becomes more terrible as the kid grows older and starts to be careful about exposing household life to foreigners and lives in a circle of denial and secrecy due to dishonor and fear ( ACMD, 2003 ) . Misapplying drugs or intoxicant does non merely lend to negligence but frequently goes manus and manus with other signifiers of kid maltreatment and force at place. The possibility of maltreatment and child ill-treatment is enforced by the likeliness that kids may be exposed to a figure of possible unsafe aliens or inappropriate carers within their ain place ( Newcastle Child Protection, 2002 ) . Research besides reveals a lower tolerance degree and moderate loss of pique associated with substance maltreatment, doing aggressive behavior and ensuing in force to look often ( Kroll, 2004 ) . Emotional disregard and maltreatment is besides an issue within a parental substance misapplying environment. Children frequently either experience rejected and unloved by their parents as they concentrate and spend well more clip on their destructive wont than with them, or embarrassed and frequently besides guilty ( Kroll, 2004 ) . Keeping an dependence is a fiscal load, non merely doing it hard to finish family costs, but besides on a regular basis taking to condemnable activity to purchase drugs or intoxicant. Children of addicted parents are besides more likely to be exposed to early condemnable behavior and/or its effects non infrequently because they have been with a parent while they had been perpetrating a offense ( ACMD, 2003 ) . Although parents try and tend to conceal their wont from their kids, kids sooner or subsequently detect it and typically have to cover with it by themselves which normally adds to a assortment of already existing behavioural jobs due to the mentioned effects of parental substance abuse kids tend to be more aggressive, experience disquieted or dying and demo anti-social behavior ( ACMD, 2003 ) . Negative parental illustrations and function theoretical accounts such as drug pickings, intoxicant maltreatment, offense, hapless life conditions and inappropriate behavior necessarily can take a kid to see their parents actions as being normal and approved so that substance maltreatment and hideous behavior by themselves becomes more likely as they enter into their teens and maturity ( ACMD, 2003 ) . Research into kid resiliency has shown that cardinal protective factors can hold an tremendous impact on forestalling kids from being damaged by parental substance abuse. The field of factors includes holding a parent non misapplying substances, a strong bond with a lovingness grownup and support from extended household ( Templeton and Velleman, 2007 ) . Further to advert are a violence-free place, sufficient fiscal resources and an solid support system every bit good as educational success and engagement in different activities ( 19? ) . Working towards personal ends and dreams, taking instruction or calling chances or even go forthing the parental place are besides common schemes to cover with sing substance maltreatment at place ( Templeton and Velleman, 2007 ) . Parents by and large are cognizant of the negative effects and influence on their kids, and they frequently experience a scope of impacts as a consequence of their failing which furthermore will hold follow-on affects for their kids, for illustration in their parenting capacity. Many of them have experienced hard childhoods and were ill parented themselves in this instances drugs or intoxicant are frequently used to cover with a scope of injury and tenseness associated ( Alison, 2000 ) . Professionals It is the dependability and map of all genres of professionals and bureaus including general practicians, wellness visitants, physicians, accoucheuse, baby doctors, mental wellness services, household support services, intervention establishments, societal services, constabularies, educational scenes and voluntary sectors to safeguard and protect kids. Safeguarding is equal to maintain kids safe from injury and maltreatment both calculated maltreatment every bit good as accidents, strong-arming and offense and to advance their well-being and development in a healthy and safe environment ( HM Government, 2006 ) . Everyone holding contact with kids must be cognizant that it is non acceptable to stay sidelined if a kid is in demand or hazard of injury ( Lord Laming, 2003 ) . However, it is notable that each professional recognizes and accepts the restrictions of his ain functions and values the indispensable portion of others ( Keen and Alison, 2001 ) otherwise everyone s responsib ility and the mission to set a kid s public assistance foremost shortly gets lost and remains no 1 s duty ( Inter-Agency Guidelines, ( 2008 ) . Challenges When meeting parental substance maltreatment, all professionals face a series of quandary, struggles and tensenesss in their work with kids and grownups. They frequently merely experience unprepared and miss the expertness, accomplishments and developing to concentrate and work efficaciously with grownups and kids to the same intent, and even if they do hold the proper preparation, professionals frequently merely do non see their function in prosecuting with kids or substance misusing parents ( Templeton and Velleman, 2007 ) . Professionals interviewed by Taylor and Kroll ( 2004 ) stated one after another that they lack developing which covers kid safeguarding and protection procedures and experience inexperient to work with kids of drug and intoxicant users, kids in demand or hazard of injury. Additionally, there seems to be a common confusion among different bureaus sing their single functions and therefore allotment of clear duties. A big portion of these issues lay in the person and independent development of substance abuse services and kid public assistance approaches over the last old ages. While grownup intervention services place the substance maltreaters foremost and frequently do non affect bing kids, the primary intent of kid protection bureaus are entirely the kids, by and large non taking into history parents demands ( Colby and Murrell, 1998 in Taylor and Kroll, 2004 ) . But bureaus working with kids must besides take into history the state of affairs and the jobs of the several parents, being cognizant of the impact parents behaviors have on kids. At the same clip, services for grownups must non disregard bing kids, so a great cooperation between bureaus and services is needed ( Templeton and Velleman, 2007 ) . Professionals and bureaus have to cover with parents who may bot be easy to prosecute with, who may non desire to collaborate with them, are loath to open up, state the truth or fix to alter ( Nottingham City ACPC, 2004 ) . Therefore it can be a challenge to obtain, set up and keep swearing relationships with either the parents or the accomplished kids ( Inter-Agency Guidelines, 2008 ) . On the other manus, households with a drug and/or intoxicant job fear a scope of effects and rejection by opening themselves to professionals, which normally keeps them in a turn of silence and secretiveness, therefore forestalling them entree to back up and assist for themselves or their kids ( Nottingham City ACPC, 2004 ) . Parents are frequently loath to near services and seek intervention, have jobs to confide in others and uncover their drug and/or intoxicant job as they peculiarly fear that any revelation could take to losing their kids and that their household might be treated otherwise, stigmatized or denied by others ( Nottingham City ACPC, 2004 ) . Although confidentiality is a cardinal rule for such bureaus, no organisation can vouch it and in some instances, professionals have to portion information, particularly when a kid s public assistance is at hazard ( The Stella Project, 2002 ) . SAFEGUARDING AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK As mentioned earlier in this article, bureaus, services and professionals in touch with kids or/and grownups who are parents have a assortment of duties to safeguard kids, assess their demands and advance their public assistance. In the United Kingdom, considerable legislative model exists for this intent, with the Children Act 1989 and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child as the simple and reforming pieces of kid jurisprudence. In general, the Children Act ( 1989 ) focuses on bettering kids s lives and demands comprehensive services to all kids every bit good as tailored 1s for those with extra demands. It besides clarifies that if a local authorization has sensible cause to surmise that a kid who lives, or is found, in their country is enduring, or is likely to endure, important injury, the authorization shall do, or do to be made, such questions as they consider necessary to enable them to make up ones mind whether they should take any action to safeguard or a dvance that kid s public assistance ( The Children Act 1989, s47 ( 1 ) ) . The Children Act besides provides the legal evidences for the five Every Child Matters ( 2003 ) outcomes in jurisprudence be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, do a positive part, achieve economic wellbeing. Subsequently the Children Act ( 2004 ) implemented a demand for local governments and a scope of bureaus prosecuting with substance mistreating parents to rank foremost the public assistance and safety of their kids. Local governments and bureaus are made responsible to find if a kid is in demand and/or hazard and so to take appropriate stairss to protect him from ( farther ) important injury ( ACMD, 2003 ) . Further The Children Act ( 2004 ) focuses on co-operation to better and procure the wellbeing of kids. Early consciousness and intercession is critical to cut down the Numberss of kid protection instances but appraisal is an vastly complex procedure. When measuring the public assistance of a kid, practicians must work sensitively and child-centred, analyzing the parental substance abuse from the kid s place to better understand the impact upon his development and life ( Lord Laming, 2003 ) . For a more standardised, coordinated, early and practical manner to measure kids s single demands, the Common Assessment Framework ( CAF ) was designed and signifiers portion of the Every Child Matters ( Lord Lamming, 2003 ) . The Department of Health besides provides the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, which is based on a more ecological attack. Further, all local governments are required to hold an Area Child Protection Committee to form and oversee kid protection steps. When finding that a kid is at hazard of important injury, kid protection processs should instantly be initiated to guarantee that the necessary referral is made to the societal services ( ACMD, 2003 ) . It is important that appraisal is ongoing and alterations are carefully monitored when a parent is in intervention or free from drugs or intoxicant dependance it does non needfully intend that kids do non longer suffer from any inauspicious effects ( Nottingham City ACPC, 2004 ) . Further, if no concerns sing the wellbeing of a kid are established, professionals should stay in connexion with the household and carefully detect them as harmless state of affairss frequently rapidly alter into an unpredictable environment for the kid ( Newcastle Child Protection, 2002 ) . Advancement Over the last old ages, there has been a broad scope of Government enterprises, programmes, schemes and policies aimed at undertaking ( parental ) substance abuse. The Updated Drug Strategy for England 2002, Models of Care for Alcohol Misusers, the Green Paper on Children at Risk, Extended Schools, the Children s National Service Framework, Sure Start and Early Excellence Centres, mentioned above, are merely some illustrations of cardinal enterprises ( ACMD, 2003 ; The Stella Project, 2002 ) : The Updated Drug Strategy for England in general specifies a assortment of actions undertaken by the Government to undertake drug usage and curtail the entree to Classify A ( diacetylmorphine, cocaine ) drugs. Further it acknowledges that there is non adequate attending given to kids of drug dependant grownups and therefore more focal point on assisting them every bit good as addicted female parents is needed. The Models of Care for Alcohol Misusers first attempt is to place, work towards and minimise negative effects of intoxicant maltreatment on kids. In peculiar, this scheme besides addresses maltreatment and domestic force as the chief associated jobs with alcohol dependance. The Green Paper on Children at Risk is a scheme turn toing a series of cardinal recommendations of the Laming Report and taking to implement policies to better the life opportunities of kids. The construct behind the Extended Schools undertaking, initiated by the Department for Education and Skills, is that schools could make stronger relationships parents and kids, motivate their students and so raise criterions by offering a wider service such as grownup instruction, wellness services and child care. The Children s National Service Framework chief end is to cut down inequalities in wellness and societal services every bit good as upgrading the overall criterion of such services. The strategy specifically concentrates on the demands of kids of drug and intoxicant maltreaters. Certain Start provides different services and support of all sort to all households in more deprived countries and in instances of parental substance abuse, the Sure Start squad will seek advice, refer to and work closely with the relevant practicians and bureaus. Early Excellence Centres were established to raise kids s public assistance and development by working coordinated with other community bureaus and offering advice, support, child care, wellness services and early acquisition. With a comprehensive legislative model already established in the United Kingdom and several enterprises and programmes running, it does non look particularly needed to modify bing statute laws or implement new 1s or get down more undertakings to protect kids efficaciously. Nevertheless, those already bing must be to the full understood and applied by practicians in all countries, and everyone must clearly understand his duties and those of the others ( Lord Lamming, 2003 ) . However, the decease of the kids Baby P and Victoria Climbie are tragic illustrations of the weaknesss in the kid protection system. Despite considerable committedness and advancement made so far, challenges remain in the protection of kids and their safeguarding every bit good as in the day-to-day world of practicians. The issues chiefly surround preparation, equal degrees of staffing, betterment of informations systems and information sharing and better coordination and cooperation problematically ( Lord Lamming, 2003 ) . World The exact figure of bush leagues enduring under parental substance maltreatment known to societal services is non clearly determined. In 1999, Cleaver et Al. estimated that about 25 to 60 per centum of all kids in kid protection proceedings were populating with a parent holding a drug or intoxicant job. A more recent survey of 290 kid detention instances in four different London boroughs revealed that 34 % ( 100 households ) where affected by substance maltreatment, ensuing in more than 50 % of all kids in attention proceedings and over a 3rd of all kids on the kid protection files being topics of parental substance maltreatment ( Forrester and Harwin, 2006 ) . Both research workers besides found that most affected kids were under the age of five old ages. Information sharing Although the authorities set clear guidelines on sharing information with the publication of Information sharing: Guidance for practicians and directors in 2008, transgressing confidentiality, information sharing and information protection still remain some of the first concerns among professionals working with kids and substance maltreaters ( Lord Lamming, 2009 ) . While the Data Protection Act 1998 preserves unauthorised revelation of personal information, it should non function as an obstruction or alibi to indispensable information exchange between bureaus and professionals ( Scots Executive, 2003 ) . There are some exclusions set out in the Data Protection Act ( 1998 ) in which information can be shared legitimately, most significantly if there is sensible concern of a kid being at hazard of injury. In order to better the safeguarding of kids of drug and intoxicant mistreating parents it is of import to guarantee that everyone involved understands the state of affairss in whic h they can and should go through on information to other bureaus and organisations and that they use the new governmental recommendations for information sharing in order to supply better support to kids, or to forestall or halt injury ( Cleaver et al. , 2008 ) . Training Appropriate preparation is necessary across all bureaus and for every professional ( such as a societal worker, wellness visitant, school teacher, GP ) working with kids. To advance effectual intercession, it is important that they all clearly understand kid development and are able to early diagnose and place the marks of kid maltreatment and disregard and therefore do the necessary agreements to protect the kid from go oning injury and continue his wellbeing. Lord Lamming ( 2009 ) besides suggests multi-agency preparation to back up a assortment of professionals to better understand non merely their ain functions and responsibilities but besides those of other practicians. This may increase joint appraisal and better determinations. Inter-agency working Lord Lamming ( 2003 in the Victoria Climbie Report ) already ascertained The support and protection of kids can non be achieved by a individual bureau. Every service has to play its portion. All employees must hold placed upon them the clear outlook that the primary map is to the kid . It is indispensable that practicians and services collaborate in a co-ordinated manner to supply better support at the right clip, transporting out joint appraisal or organisation. As many grownup services lack the accomplishments to cover the demands of their clients kids, they have to seek advice from and work closely with other, more child-focused services otherwise their energy and development with the parents is useless ( Turning Point, 2006 ) . The same applies to child-centered establishments who disregard parents. It is assumed that inter-agency working among professionals would convey needful services more co-ordinated and timely, and the results would hence likely to be more effectual ( Cleaver et al. , 2008 ) . Working together to Safeguard Children ( 2006 ) focuses on and represents different rules for collaborative working ; acknowledging that a kid can merely be protected efficaciously if professionals work together and coordinated.. Decision In the United Kingdom, the debatable drug and intoxicant usage is a major societal and public wellness concern and many kids and their households struggle undetected. In the recent old ages, an huge attempt has been undertaken around the issue of parental substance abuse. The impact of and hazards associated with it have been extensively analyzed and there is turning grounds for a series of undertakings, services and intercessions for kids and their parents. As clearly stated in this article, dependence to different substances has the possible and ability to interfere with all facets of a kid s normal development and general wellness, taking to considerable life-long inauspicious effects for them and their households. Further, heavy uncontrolled imbibing and debatable drug usage frequently have an alarming negative impact on rearing accomplishments and parental attention of their kids ensuing in fond regard upsets and a assortment of other jobs. The study highlights the higher hazard to kids of all signifiers of maltreatment where a parent is problematically utilizing substances. Substance abuse by grownups who are besides parents seldom occurs in isolation or is entirely responsible for increasing hazard for kids. Environmental factors such as unemployment, poorness and societal isolation addition both the hazard of parental substance abuse and negative impacts on kids. Particular hazards associated with gestation and parents with substance jobs who frequently had histories themselves of kid maltreatment and disregard have been emphasized. The coexistence of parental substance abuse brings more challenges for professionals who work with kids and households. With respects to professionals and bureaus, it was recognized that services working with substance misusers frequently have no tradition of working with kids, and other services concentrating on kids are non equipped to react to substance abuse. As divided services form unsafe spreads into which kids can fall and stay concealed within the expert web, there is an obvious demand to better the cooperation between bureaus and services working with parents and kids. The writer besides emphasizes the visual aspect of anxiousnesss and insecurities in child-centered professionals and grownup focused practicians about their ain degrees of cognition and the degree of expertness they felt equipped to measure such a complex issue as parental substance abuse. Therefore, preparation and counsel on the consequence of drugs and intoxicant abuse on kids seems appropriate to mobilise professionals assurance in their ability to measure kids at hazard of injury and offer effectual intervention. Training is besides needed for those instances where parents deny jobs and/or resist intervention, fearing a combination of revelation, stigmatisation and hasty action, which could take to serious jobs sing engagement and enquiry. Further, there shall be a focal point on how to collaborate with other professionals, inter-agency communicating and information sharing. This is utile to interrupt down inter-professional barriers, so bureaus can more efficaciously program and present shared services every bit good as evaluate and procedure attention programs with households. It is besides wise to retrieve Lord Lamming s kid protection counsel although parental substance usage per Se was non addressed by him. It is clear that diverse and flexible attacks of working with households affected by substance maltreatment are needed, delivered by bureaus and professional who are non merely exhaustively trained but besides able to place the demands of those they work with. While there is considerable capacity for betterment in information sharing, patient appraisal, staff preparation, service proviso and interagency working, the biggest challenge seems to be that households with a substance maltreatment job are non overlooked.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Risk and Complexity in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Risk and Complexity in Social Work - Essay Example entails the collection of the patient’s facts, the demographic data, the current presentation, and the history and in particular the recent scenes of violence. The facts gathered are evaluated according to a certain formula and a particular number is arrived at; this figure or number offers the predictive value which can indicate a likelihood of violence in the future. The approach has a disadvantage in that so many facts have to be collected in order to ascertain the individual’s clinical judgment. For example, the grading or the rating of the severity, the content, and the presence of delusion; the difference the delusion makes if it is a section of a systematized collection of delusional beliefs, and how systematized the delusion is. It is not likely that this type of psychopathology can be quantified unless it is done in crude terms (Ronald Manual Doctor 2003, p9). The clinical approach is viewed as a method that is informal and not open to quantitative assessment, and it usually leaves all the authority to the clinician. The clinical approach often results in an evaluation that is hard to quantify due to the fact that external validation lacks. As a result, the employment of organizations such as social work agencies and health trusts are incapable of managing the risk in an auditable and coherent manner. Thus, they are unable to take medico-legal responsibility that is meaningful in regard to the actions of the clinician. As such, the risk assessment model and the management are supposed to take into consideration the reality that every clinical situation is distinct. It is also necessary to have a formal structure that can be understood and it is repeatable (Ronald Manual Doctor 2003, p9). The implementation of the Child Act 1989 was done in 1991. The act aimed at revolutionizing proceedings and practice that concerned the welfare of the children in Wales and England. The act began from the principle that the basic responsibility in the upbringing of

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Summary - Assignment Example The second article, Magnet Schools and the Pursuit of Racial Balance, examines the concept of magnet schools and how they are used to maintain a racial diversity in the school setting. The article also provides a case study carried out in support of the article’s hypothesis, so as to prove the ideas presented in the article right. Accordingly, the article explains how magnet schools have been used as a tool for maintaining racial balance, as well as, desegregation of students in the school setting (Goldring and Smrekar 4). The last article, The Uses of the University, examines the use of universities in societies today. The article looks at the significance of the university to a student, professor, and the community at large. Accordingly, the main use of the university is identified as the production of an integrated community of scholars in the society (Kerr 1). The article argues that the university is responsible for the economic, social, and political growth of the community in which it exists, thus is responsible for the growth and development of societies. Accordingly, the paper also provides seven signs regarding the future of universities in the state (Kerr

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 48

Summary - Assignment Example In this particular case, John Sweeney is found guilty of a double homicide of Mellissa Halstead and Paula Fields (Taylor, 2012). The article by Lamba on the other hand provides a guideline for tutors on how to improve the study of crime scenes in the classroom setting. The article clearly depicts the importance of a crime scenario in the determination of which methodology to use for the approach. Similar to a real crime scene, the classroom should have accurate tools and instruments for a CSI. This includes the proper division of responsibilities towards the specific objective of solving the crime. Generally, the article asserts that the proper approach towards studying a crime scene in the classroom is by providing accurate and real scenarios that contains all properties of a real crime scene (Lamba, 2013). Both articles share the same approach in analyzing a crime scene. Firstly, the two articles provide the importance of division of task in investigating a crime scene. In addition, each crime analysis should be done beyond any reasonable doubt by the crime scene manager. Evidence and document analysis should be done before a full report is done on the outcome of the investigation. Lamba, S. 2013. Forensic Science: How to Turn Your Classroom into a CSI Lab. The Guardian. Retrieved from

Friday, November 15, 2019

The Advantages Of Using DFIG

The Advantages Of Using DFIG In addition to its stator, the DFIGs rotor is also connected to the grid using a power converter (Picture 3). This type is very common for wind turbines as it offers certain advantages compared to other types: It can operate like a synchronous generator and at variable speed, although its stator is directly connected to the grid. The converter can adequately control the voltage (phase and magnitude) that is applied to the rotor and as a consequence control the magnetic fields frequency or speed. It actually forms an AC excitation with a variable frequency, just like the DC excitation used in synchronous generators. This operation gives the DFIG the benefits of a synchronous generator. These benefits include the separate control of reactive and active power, or the control of the wind turbines power factor. The DFIG wind turbines are better than other designs in terms of grid compatibility. It can operate at variable speed, sub- or super synchronously. The optimum speed can be chosen by adjusting the frequency and phase of the voltage that is applied to the rotor, and is such that maximum power is obtained by the wind, in different wind speeds. Since it can operate as synchronous generator, a major advantage of large DFIG wind turbines is that they can contribute to the systems stability after a fault occurs. However, this relies heavily on the control options given by the power converter. Moreover, A DFIG wind turbine can generate reactive power even when the mechanical part is not operating and in not delivering active power. Relative to other variable speed generators, DFIGs power converter is rated at lower power (i.e. about 30% of the wind turbines rated power), since only part of the total power delivered by the wind turbine is transferred through the converter. This makes the wind turbine cheaper and lighter. The power mentioned above, can be either delivered by the rotor (when the turbine rotates with a higher than the synchronous speed), or absorbed (when its speed is below the sync speed). This double mode gives the DFIG the ability to operate at speeds below or above even by 50% of the sync speed, although actually lower variations are chosen. Compared to other generators with variable speed, which use external rotor resistances to allow variable speed, DFIG are more energy efficient, since there is little power dissipated in the converter. DFIG can be accurately controlled due to the fact that the power converter can adjust both the magnitude and phase of the voltage applied to the rotor. This attribute, combined with pitch-control in wind turbines offers the operator more accurate power control, especially in high winds where high power output can cause severe damage to the equipment. Finally DFIG shares the benefits of synchronous and inductive generators regarding its contribution to power systems stability. Appropriate control can improve the damping of power variations in the system, without compromising voltage control. +voltage control Picture 1 Active Management in the distribution network [4], [5], [6] The dispersed nature of renewable resources necessitates their connection at the distribution network, which was designed in order to convey power from high to low voltage. Now, with the introduction of renewable electricity sources, the power can follow any direction, affecting the power and voltage quality as well as the security of the system. Therefore considerable amounts of money should be spent for their upgrade, if the optimum renewable potential is to be achieved. Another, less expensive approach is the transition from the networks traditional passive operation to their active management. Under active management approach, new control and communication technologies are incorporated into the system and allow the operator to control in real time the voltage, the power flows and even the fault levels. The main options under active management are: Power flow management The risks regarding the network power flows must be sufficiently eliminated. The possibility of the distributed generators to deliver power above the systems ratings-capacity can significantly threat the systems operation. This is a serious issue, especially in case of a circuit outage. The power flow management protects the systems parts taking into account their nominal capacity. Voltage control The voltage at a bus is affected by the real and reactive power on that bus as well as the R and X values of the line. The voltage change at that bus is approximately equal to. The most significant issue accruing from the introduction of distributed generators at the distribution networks is the voltage rise at the connected bus. The operator can choose appropriate R and X values but this would require an expensive network upgrade. The control of P and Q is a less expensive option, and this is why it is preferred. The main actions usually taken are: On-load transformer tapping: The operator might reduce/increase the voltage at the primary substation reducing/increasing all the subsequent voltages. Nevertheless, in case of reducing the voltage, a possible generator disconnection might drive the voltage below its allowable limit. Power factor or/and voltage control: see question 4 Reactive power compensation: Appropriate devices (capacitor banks, STACOM etc) can be connected on critical buses, so that they deliver/absorb reactive power and fix the voltage profile. Generation curtailment: another way to mitigate a voltage rise, would be to curtail real power generation from the distributed generators. However, this sets a significant constraint in the renewable energy that can be exploited. Fault level management : see below Load management Reducing or shifting adjustable loads can alleviate the pressure on the networks operation, especially in case of very low renewable generation. Power quality management The operator exploits various capabilities at the generators, loads or other special devices to maintain the powers high quality in terms of harmonics, voltage disturbances etc. Power Factor vs Voltage Control [7], [8], [9] The dominant negative impact of connecting generators in the distribution network is the distortion of the voltage profile. The simplest, but at the same time the most expensive, solution for this problem is the upgrade of the local grid. However, there are more efficient ways, (borrowed by the operation of the transmission networks) that could allow for larger DG penetration without big distortions at the voltage profile. Two of them, concerning the generators operation, are: Power factor control: the generator operates at a constant power factor. The reactive follows the real power output so that their ratio remains constant. This kind of operation was required by the distribution network operator (DNO) in the context of the fit and forget rationale, with which all the low voltage networks were initially designed. The major advantage of this method is that it does not disrupt the operation of other regulation devices, such as OLTC. However, it may have a negative impact on the voltage at the connected bus, since it tends to contribute to the voltage variation which is influenced by the changes in power flows. As a consequence, this approach limits the total generation capacity that can be connected on the network. Voltage control: the generator adjusts its reactive power output so that the voltage at the connection bus remains within the allowable limits. This adjustment is done according to the real power output and the voltage drop or rise occurring at the bus. Obviously, the generators power factor is not constant anymore, although an upper and a lower limit would normally apply. The DNO are not very keen on allowing generators to operate in that way, since this operation could considerably affect the operation of other voltage regulation devices, such as OLTC transformers. Moreover, if a small generator tries to correct a high voltage change, it might need to set its reactive power output at a critical high or low level. This sort of dangerous operation close to the thermal or overcurrent limits entails a significant increase in the maintenance cost, or even worse, it can activate the protections and cause a sudden trip. A combination of the two approaches described above is considered the best solution regarding the optimum operation of a distributed generator. The main idea is that the generator operates with a constant power factor until the point where the voltage at the connected bus reaches the upper or lower allowable limit. At this point, the power factor control is deactivated, letting the generator to adjust its reactive power output and fix the voltage. Again, the power factor must be kept within its the allowable limits. When the voltage returns within its limits, the power factor control is reactivated. The consequences of new DG capacity on network fault levels and protection [4] The connection of distributed generation, using either synchronous or inductive generators, causes an increase in the systems fault levels, owing to the additional generation that could feed a potential fault current. This is especially the case at the very edges and weak parts of the distribution network, where the renewable generators are usually connected. The new fault levels might exceed the rating of the existing protections. Such an implication could cause significant damage to the protection equipment and set the systems security at high risk or ultimately incur supply interruptions. But most importantly could set personnels life in to severe danger. Therefore, every time a new distributed generator is connected, the fault levels must be re-examined and wherever is deemed necessary, protections must be upgraded. In some cases it might be necessary to upgrade the respective part of the network (reduce the R and X values new lines or/and transformers), which would usually requ ire significant amount of money. Nonetheless, in the context of the active management operation of the distribution network, the operator can take some alternative measures: Advanced converter technology: the use of advanced power inverters, makes a generators contribution to the fault current much lower. The more advanced a converter, the higher its cost. Network reconfiguration: changing the topology of the network could change the fault level at some buses. This operation is already available in most of the networks for maintenance purposes. Is Limiter: a device that can instantly increase the systems impedance (lower fault level) in case of an incident, but it needs replacement after each use. Sequential switching: the contribution at the fault current by one or a team of distributed generators can be isolated in case of a fault in a different section. The need for active power balancing in networks with high penetration of renewable energy resources In order for the frequency of a system to be maintained, the total real power generation must always be equal to the total real power load and losses. A distortion of this balance could cause a frequency deviation beyond the allowable limits and hence, damage the equipment and the loads. Therefore, it is of major importance that the system operator must always retain the active power balance. Most of the prevailing renewable energy resources, such as wind or solar, have an intermittent behaviour and their output relies on the weather/climate conditions and hence, cannot be controlled. Although there were significant advances in the weather forecasting, errors are still present. Moreover, any sudden incidents that could trip a big part of the total generation (not only renewable) could also contribute to a real power unbalance. Adding to this the fact that the demand can also vary, the large penetration of renewable resources increases considerably the risk for the systems stability. The main techniques that a system operator can use in order to maintain the power balance are: Storage: Large (compressed air, hydro-pump storage, flywheels etc) or smaller (EV etc) storage facilities can contribute to the real power balancing. They can store energy when the renewable generation exceeds the total load and deliver it back to the network when the total generation is not sufficient to meet the demand. Some storage technologies are better than others in terms of their performance, however all of them are quite capable of quickly adjusting their output to support the systems frequency. Nonetheless, most of the storage technologies are still very expensive. Pump storage, a cheaper option, is naturally constrained, while the massive introduction of EV is not feasible in the foreseeable future. Demand Side Management: The active power equation has two sides. Available for adjusting or shifting demand could adequately contribute to the systems stability when the renewable sources are lower than expected, if appropriate incentives are given to the consumers. Dispatchable units: The unbalances risk that might emerge by the large penetration of renewable energy resources could be offset by large and fast, in terms of start-up and output, generating units, such as hydro or gas plants. However, hydro plants are naturally constrained and gas power plants are still causing carbon emissions, albeit fewer than the coal generators. Interconnections: Interconnections between large electricity grids could significantly reduce the risk associated with the large penetration of renewable energy sources. Each system could either absorb or deliver real power from its counterpart depending on its total generation and demand. DC interconnections are more common, since they can transfer more real power and isolate the two systems in terms of frequency control, although they are more expensive than conventional AC interconnections.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Of Mice And Men :: essays research papers

â€Å"Of Mice and Men† At the starting of the story, two men named George Milton and Lennie Small are trying to get to a ranch in Salinas Valley, California. George is the leader of the two men, because of Lennie’s small size. George is filled confidence while Lennie is a simple man with a big heart. On account of Lennie they got kicked out of town called Weed, up North. Leenie is a type of guy that is not very bright and gets frightened and confused really easy. Petting animals and picking up things that are interesting to him. Lennie and George decided to go the pool hall one night. There was a girl there that got Lennie’s eye. She was wearing a bright red dress. It interested Lennie and he grabbed her sleeve and wouldn’t let go. The girl was full of fear because some stranger wouldn’t let go of her dress. He held it tighter and tighter and wouldn’t let go. After that night he found out that the girl was pressing charges against him. Every day the police were on the look out for Lennie. But George and Lennie escaped from the town by hiding in a ditch until nightfall. After the night of lying in a ditch Lennie and George started to hitchhike. They hitchhiked all the way to Salinas Valley, California. They got there the next day which was their destination. This is the ranch where they started working. They met an old man of the name Candy. He had been working there for many years. A couple minutes later an anther guy walked in named Curly. He was the boss’s son. He was very hostile to the new people. George thought that he would do something to Lennie in the future. George informed Lennie never to talk to Curly’s wife cause he knew he would get in trouble. That night Candy’s dog had puppies, which one was given to Lennie. He went every night to pet his new dog. The next night one of the workers persuaded Candy about his dog and telling him that he should kill him so he didn’t have to suffer. They killed the dog because of its old age, which was the best thing to do. After Lennie watching the dog being killed he asked George about what their plans were again for the future of them. George repeated it and said as soon as we get enough money we will buy a house with a few acres of land, and a few animals.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Guitars: the History, Types, and Influence

Ariana Kecskes Mrs. Densmore English 9/10 March 11, 2013 Guitars Guitars have been around since the Renaissance. In the late 1400’s, the classical guitar was created. This instrument was known as an â€Å"outcast†, never being played in concerts. Later on, the Spanish guitar was created; the early versions of this were known to have a unique sting layout because they had four sets of two strings. In the 1500’s a fifth set of strings were added to this guitar.Well into the 1500’s, the guitar began to be played in performances. This made guitars more famous, and caused better and improved designs to be made. Many people began to play the guitar, including Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Jackson. Finally, in the 1850’s the modern design for an acoustic guitar was made by C. F. Martin. In the 1800’s, many modern design of guitars evolved from the Italian and French models. People invented new techniques of playing the guitar including, playing and t uning all at once.In the late 1800’s, Orville Gibson began building arch top guitars. Over 78 thousand guitars were made in the year, 1900. The 20th century was a very prosperous time for the guitar. Manufacturers began making steel-stringed guitars which are popular today. In 1931, the first electric guitar was created; they called it â€Å"The Frying Pan†, due to its round shape. However, electric guitars were not popular until 1936, when Gibson made a famous electric model, the ES-150.Later on, guitar crafters made the â€Å"Solid Body Guitar†, because of bad reports on their previous models. Fender created â€Å"The Broadcaster† in 1949, which was the first largely produced guitar. In 1952, Gibson created the popular â€Å"Les Paul†. Fender and Gibson both went on creating guitars almost as in a competition. By the 1960’s, the guitar was fully matured. Gibson produced another electric guitar model in 1961, the ES-335. This was a semi-hol low body guitar.. The Strat and the SG were very popular guitars, especially in the 1960’s.

Friday, November 8, 2019

My Favorite Band Essays

My Favorite Band Essays My Favorite Band Essay My Favorite Band Essay Task 1 Read the texts below. Match choices A-H to 1-5. There are three choices you do not need to use. It’s not Me, It’s My Hormones! 1 __________________ When you feel like you can’t even crack a smile, force yourself to do something fun. Hook up with a funny friend or watch a comedy movie or TV show and laugh till you cry! It might an act at first, but you’ll soon be giggling for real! 2 _________________ There’s nothing wrong with crying! If you feel yourself welling up and you’re in a quiet and private place, go for it! You’ll feel so much better. Just make sure you’ve got some tissues close by! 3 _________________ It really is true! Certain foods are great for making you happy. When you’re feeling low, reach for some good mood food – nuts, beans, fish, fruit will all put a smile on your face! 4 ________________ Get creative! Having a project to work on can take your mind off the stresses of growing up. You could work on a painting or drawing, take some cool photos or even make some clothes or customize the ones you’ve got! The feelings of pride and success you’ll get when you finish your project will be unbeatable! ________________ Keeping a diary or channeling your thoughts and feelings into a story, poem or article can really help get thoughts into perspective. You could even keep a blog – just be sure not to give any personal information away, like your name, age or address. Years from now, you can take a look at what you’ve written and remember, you can get through anything ! ALet it out! BYou Are What You Eat CLaugh DWrite Down Your Feelings ECommunicate and Relax FEat Something Tasty! GMake Something HExercise Every Day! Task 2 Read the text. For questions 6-10 choose the correct answer A, B. C or D. 16-year-old Australian Begins Her Solo Adventure A 16-year-old Australian girl sailed her yacht out of Sydney harbor today, beginning an attempt to become the youngest person to single-handedly navigate the globe unassisted, despite concerns over her age and expertise. If all goes to plan, Jessica Watson will spend the next eight months alone on board her 10-metre vessel, navigating 28. 000 miles through some of the world’s most dangerous seas. Around 100 boats gathered under grey skies in the harbor to see her off. Watson did not speak to reporters before she left, but her mother Julie, posted an update on the solo sailor’s blog. â€Å"I know you are all anxious to hear from Jess, but she is a little preoccupied on her first day, so she asked me to post a quick note to let everyone know that the departure went well this morning,† she wrote. While Watson’s family insists the teenager is a sufficiently skilled and experienced sailor, with expertise in navigation, electronics and maritime safety, her plan has sparked a debate in Australia about whether someone so young is ready for such a challenge. There was further worry after Watson’s yacht collided with a Chinese cargo ship last month. Some of Australia’s most experienced sailors, and the government of Watson’s home state, Queensland, have urged her not to go ahead with the voyage. Watson will be in contact with her family and support team via radio and email, as well as updating her blog. â€Å"I think a lot of Australians are nervous for Jessica. I’m nervous for her,† the country’s deputy Prime Minister, Julia Gillard, told Nine Network TV. â€Å"Since she’s determined to go, I wish her the best of luck and urge her to keep safe. A British 17-year-old, Mike Perham, became the youngest solo round-the-world sailor in August following a nine-month voyage, although a stop for repairs ‘en route’ meant his trip did not count as unassisted. The youngest sailor to complete the voyage unassisted is another Australian, Jesse Martin, who was 18 when he completed it in 199 9. 6In paragraph 1 the author states that Jessica ___________. Ais the world record holder in solo sailing Bhas started on a risky round-the-world voyage Cplans to spend half a year in the open sea Dlacks the experience for a round-the-world trip According to the text, what happened the day of Jessica’s departure? AA lot of ships followed Jessica’a yacht. BJessica refused to talk to the journalists. CThe weather changed for the worse. DJulie informed the public of Jessica’s voyage. 8All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 EXCEPT ___________. AJessica’s parents are sure she has received enough training BJessica’s age has been a major concern for the public CJessica’s yacht has expensive equipment on board DJessica’s vessel has recently been hit in an accident 9Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 4? AJessica can get professional advice during her voyage. BThe state’s authorities assist in Jessica’s solo trip. CThe people of Australia are proud of their young heroine. DJessica’s voyage is covered on her parents’ webpage. 10The expression ‘en route’ in line 27 is closest in meaning to ___________ Awhile sailing Bwhile relaxing Cwhile daparting Dwhile training Task 3 Read the texts below. Match choices A-H to 11-16. There are two choices you do not need to use. 1112 Jack of the Wood 95 Patton Ave. A cozy cafe-restaurant. Features the best acoustic music and dancing in the evening. The menu includes international cuisine, vegetarian fare and barbecue. Coffee and cakes in the afternoon from 15. 00-17. 00 Whisky Tavern 81 Broadway St. The best new place to hang out in downtown Ashville. Come by and have national food, good spirits and a fun time. Live jazz every Monday and Tuesday nights. Open nightly year round or for lunch Saturday and Sunday during football season. 1314 Prir Frakkar Specialities: French seafood and Whale meat Open daily for lunch and dinner except Sat/Sun. for dinner only Reservation tel. 552 3939 Baldursgata 14 Welcome to Sjanghe Restaurant At our Chinese restaurant you will find not only fresh seafood and meat but we are also the only restaurant in Iceland with expert chefs from China. Our species are flown in directly from Asia. Wine and locally brewed beer available. We offer you various menus to choose from. 1516 VEGETERIAN A totally vegetarian restaurant specializing in international cuisine that features fresh local produce with mostly organic ingredients. Daily specials, fast food and take out. Tel. 552 2028 Open: 11. 30-21. 00 weekdays 16. 00-21. 00 Sat. /Sun/ HOTEL LOFTLEIDIDIR At our two restaurants we serve the freshest and tastiest veal and lamb you’ll find anywhere. Our chefs’ culinary skills, combined with the finest available ingredients, guarantee you a meal of the highest quality. We also offer an international selection of beers and wines. Open: Mon. -Thur. 9. 30-21. 00Fri. , Sat. , Sun. 10. 00-22. 00Tel. 5050 925 At this restaurant ______. Aoriental food and local beer are served Bthey mainly serve seafood Cunique and delicious meat courses are offered Dyou can make on-line reservations Eyou can enjoy live music twice a week Ftraditional cuisine and music are offered Gyou can eat in or take away Hmeat as well as vegetarian dishes is available Task 4 Read the text below and choose from A-H the one which best fits each space 17-22. There are two choices you do not need to use. Amazon Parrots Amazon parrots are native to the New World. Indeed, (17) ___________ that he brought back to Europe after his first voyage here. There are 27 species of Amazon parrots. Most parrot species are bred successfully in captivity and several types of Amazons are available from breeders and pet stores here in Canada. Prices generally range, depending on the species, from $800 to $1600, (18)____________________________. Amazon parrots are very good at talking and imitating sounds. One test subject, Alex – a parrot, can name about 40 objects, identify seven different colours, and say whether the two objects are same or different; and indisputably, (19) ____________________. Studies put the intelligence of these feathered chatterboxes on the same level as three-year-old humans, dolphins and monkeys. Amazons are actually very similar in personality to monkeys. Parrots are very energetic, playful, social creatures that crave lots of interaction with their human owners. The best pet birds are hand-raised and have bonded early with human companions. More than other parrot species, (20) ________________. They can be, at different times, loud, quiet, stubborn, silly, playfully aggressive of irritable. They will play and fight with their toys for hours on end (21) _________________________. Sometimes, an Amazon may temporarily become quite aggressive. Careless owners have had fingers or ears bitten. You really have to understand your bird’s mood and behaviours (22) ___________________. Amazon parrots are definitely not for all pet owners, they need much more love and attention than most people would expect. Owning an Amazon is very similar to owning a dog with wings. Awith a premium paid for the breeds that are considered to be better â€Å"talkers† Beven rolling over on their backs to juggle a ball or play with some string Cthe research has clearly shown that it is very intelligent and will speak in context Das the trickier aspect of owning an Amazon parrot Eand talking ability will vary from species to species and from bird to bird FChristopher Columbus himself apparently gave the name â€Å"Amazon† to the green. Short winged parrots Gthey also love being around people, and they are particularly good at speaking HAmazons are well known for their strong or often moody characters Task 5 Read the text below. For questions 23-32 choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D). Advertising Whether it is in print or on television, radio, or billboards, advertising profoundly (23) __________ our life. The ads we see, hear, and smell (in the case of open-and-sniff perfume inserts in magazines) (24) _____________ how we feel and what we think about a wide range of products. Companies pay a lot of money to persuade us that their products are the best. Advertising has a long history in North America. As early as the 1600s, ads were used to (25) _____________ English settlers to the Colonies. According to historian Daniel Boorstin, these brochures (26) _______ â€Å"hopeful overstatements, half-truths, and downright lies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the 1700s famous (27) ____ were involved in the advertising business, (28) _____ them Benjamin Franklin, who ran ads in his publications. And with the boom in mass-circulation magazines, the advertising became the powerful force it is today. Television arrived in the 1940s and (29) _______ a new, action-packed advertising medium. Creating a good ad isn’t as (30) __________ as it might seem. One key is to find the right spokes person. An effective approach is to have the company president speak. Still another option is to create (31) __________ characters, such as Speedy Alka-Seltzer fellow, or an animated parrot (Gillette). A memorable slogan is helpful as well: â€Å"I can’t (32) _________ I ate the whole thing†; â€Å"Where’s the beef? †; â€Å"You deserve a break today†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23| A| influences| B| inherits| C| installs| D| introduces| 24| A| accept| B| infect| C| affect| D| protest| 25| A| win| B| attract| C| invade| D| involve| 26| A| contained| B| consisted| C| located| D| contributed| 27| A| numbers| B| members| C| peoples| D| figures| 28| A| along| B| among| C| between| D| through| 9| A| stayed| B| remained| C| created| D| resulted| 30| A| slight| B| easy| C| light| D| heavy| 31| A| undesirable| B| unforgivable| C| uninviting| D| unforgettable| 32| A| suppose| B| consider| C| hope| D| believe| Task 6 Read the text below. For questions 33-42 choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D). Planting the seeds of change The Green Wave projec t aims to help meet the goals of the United Nations Convention (33) ______ Biological Diversity by (34) __________ young people on the importance of biodiversity. In an ambitious program, students from schools all across the world (35) ____________ to mark the International Day for Biodiversity each year by planting a single tree of an inborn of locally important species. On May, 22, (36) ______ student groups will each plant their tree – uniting to send a ‘green wave’ from east to west around the planet. Promoting research and learning about nature, encouraging team-work and partnership across countries and continents, The Green Wave (37) _______ a positive step toward maintaining biodiversity all over the world. 33| A| about| B| on| C| for| D| of| 4| A| educate| B| educated| C| educating| D| educates| 35| A| have been invited| B| have been inviting| C| invite| D| have invited| 36| A| this| B| those| C| that| D| these| 37| A| take| B| is taking| C| taking| D| taken| A Skiing City Break in Austria Postcard-pretty Innsbruck is the ideal destination for everyone who wants (38) ______ a skiing holiday with a city break. The ca pital of the Habsburg Empire in the late middle ages, it has a charming old town with many ornate medieval buildings, together with natural baroque additions, (39) _________ the cathedral. The city is home to a wealth (40) ________________ museums, galleries, bars and restaurants, and (41) ______________ twice played host to the Winter Olympics, so it has plenty of winter-sports facilities, and – just a short train ride out of town – ski tracks to challenge the most (42) _____________ of skiers. 38. Do not write your own name, any dates, addresses or other personal information.